Associations Of Sedentary Behaviour And Physical Activity With Mental Health Problems And Testosterone Levels Among Male College Students in Chongqing, China Ⅱ
Aug 29, 2024
2 Results
2.1 Basic characteristics
The incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in 582 male college students in Chongqing was 6.70%, 12.71%, and 6.70% respectively, and the proportion of sitting for less than 6 hours, 6-10 hours, and more than 10 hours per day was 31.96%, 57.04%, and 11.00% respectively, see Table 1.
2.2 Analysis of the association between long-term sitting and physical exercise and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in college students
The risk of depression symptoms in the group of college students with long-term sitting time>10 h was 6.66 times that of the control group (long-term sitting time<6 h group) (OR=6.66, 95% CI: 2.16-20.49, P=0.001); the incidence of depression symptoms in the Q4 group of college students was 0.34 times that of the Q1 group (OR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.87, P=0.025); there was no statistically significant difference in the association between long-term sitting and physical exercise and anxiety and stress symptoms in college students (all P>0.05). See Table 2.
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2.3 Analysis of the association between long-term sitting and physical exercise and the testosterone, cortisol levels, and testosterone/cortisol ratio of college students
Taking the college students with long-term sitting time <6 as the control group, the serum testosterone level and testosterone/cortisol ratio of college students with long-term sitting time >10 h decreased by 13.22% (95% CI: -19.56% ~ -6.37%, P <0.001) and 11.47% (95% CI: -19.53% ~ -2.60%, P = 0.013), respectively; taking the sports Q1 group as the control group, the serum testosterone level and testosterone/cortisol ratio of college students in the Q4 group increased by 8.02% (95% CI:
1.37% ~ 15. １０％, Ｐ＝０．０１７)和１１．７１％(９５％CI：３．２４％～２０．８８％, Ｐ＝０．００６); There was no significant difference in the association between physical exercise and cortisol level (all P＞０．０５). See Table 3.
2.4 Correlation analysis between long-term sitting and depression, anxiety, stress symptoms and testosterone, cortisol level, and testosterone/cortisol ratio in college students with high physical exercise level
Among college students with high physical exercise levels, with a long-term sitting time of <6 has the reference group, there was no significant difference in the association between long-term sitting of >6 h and depression, anxiety, stress symptoms, and testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol ratio (all P＞０．０５). See Table 4.
| Variable | Essential Feature | Variable | Essential Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age/years | 22.00 (22.00, 23.00) | Sedentary behavior / h | |
| Height/cm | 173.00 (169.00, 176.00) | <6 | 186 (31.96) |
| Weight/kg | 65.00 (59.55, 72.20) | 6-10 | 332 (57.04) |
| BMI / (kg m²) | 21.76 (20.21, 23.73) | >10 | 64 (11.00) |
| Smoking | 131 (22.51) | PARS-3 score/score | 24.00 (8.00, 48.00) |
| Drinking | 435 (74.74) | Anxiety symptoms | 74 (12.71) |
| Testosterone / (ng·m⁻¹) | 3.64 (2.99, 4.36) | Depression symptoms | 39 (6.70) |
| Cortisol / (μmol·L⁻¹) | 204.74 (179.31, 239.32) | Stress symptoms | 39 (6.70) |
Note:
- PARS-3 refers to the physical activity rating scale-3.
- Values in parentheses are interquartile ranges.
Table 2: Associations of Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms in College Students
| Variable | OR Value | P Value | (95% CI) | OR Value | P Value | (95% CI) | OR Value | P Value | (95% CI) | |
| Sedentary behavior / h | ||||||||||
| <6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 6-10 | 2.61 (0.99–7.07) | 0.059 | 1.69 (0.92–3.08) | |||||||
| >10 | 6.66 (2.16–20.49) | 0.094 | 2.31 (0.90–5.92) | |||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Q2 | 0.37 (0.14–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.98 (0.49–1.96) | 0.949 | 0.74 (0.26–1.86) | 0.560 | ||||
| Q3 | 0.68 (0.30–1.56) | 0.197 | 0.62 (0.30–1.31) | 0.850 | 0.42 (0.14–1.22) | 0.107 |
Note:
- Logistic regression analyses were used, adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and drinking.
Physical activity was classified into quartiles according to the score of the physical activity rating scale-3.
Table 3: Associations of Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity with Testosterone and Cortisol Levels, and Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio in College Students
3 Discussion
Promoting students' physical and mental health and all-round development is a major issue of social concern. This study found that long-term sitting is a risk factor for college students' depression and testosterone level reduction, while physical exercise is a protective factor for depression and is related to increased testosterone levels. High physical exercise levels may offset the adverse effects of long-term sitting on the body.
The "China National Mental Health Development Report" pointed out that 21.48% and 45.28% of Chinese college students are at risk of depression and anxiety [10]. Wang Hao et al. [11] surveyed 3,461 college students and found that the incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was 11.04%, 10.49%, and 4.90% respectively. This study showed that the incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among male college students in Chongqing was 6.70%, 12.71%, and 6.70% respectively. The above data suggest that the mental health of Chinese college students is not optimistic.
Prolonged sitting is associated with a variety of diseases, including malignant tumors, heart disease, stroke, and mental health problems. Studies have found that people who sit for a long time are 1.52 times more likely to experience depression and 3.11 times more likely to experience anxiety symptoms, respectively, compared with those who sit for a short time [12].
Physical exercise can reduce the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes, and improve mental health problems [13-14]. Studies have found that appropriate levels of physical exercise are associated with a reduction in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and inferiority [13-14]. Studies have found that 20 to 40 minutes of physical activity per day can offset most of the risks of prolonged sitting [15]. The above research results suggest that prolonged sitting and lack of physical exercise are associated with damage to physical and mental health. A high level of physical exercise may offset the adverse effects of prolonged sitting on the body. Reducing the duration of sedentary time and actively participating in physical exercise is of great significance to promoting the physical and mental health of college students.
The testosterone/cortisol ratio is a sensitive indicator of the balance of human synthesis and catabolism. An increase in the ratio reflects an improvement in exercise capacity [16]. This study found that long-term sitting was associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels and the testosterone/cortisol ratio, while moderate physical exercise was associated with an increase in serum testosterone levels and the testosterone/cortisol ratio. Similar to the results of this study, some studies have found that exercise training can increase testosterone levels in both men and women [8]. Since the testosterone/cortisol ratio is a sensitive indicator of exercise capacity, most of the volunteers in existing studies were athletes, and there are few reports on the general population. This study analyzed the association between long-term sitting and physical exercise and the testosterone/cortisol ratio in the general population of male college students. The research conclusions have certain reference value for improving the physical function of college students.
The study has certain limitations. First, this study only focuses on male college students in their fourth year of college. There is uncertainty in extrapolating the research conclusions to women or other age groups and special occupational groups. Second, this study is a cross-sectional survey, and the demonstration of causality requires cohort studies and in vitro test data with higher evidence strength. In summary, this study found that long-term sitting is a risk factor for depressive symptoms and reduced testosterone levels in college students, physical exercise is a protective factor for the occurrence of depressive symptoms and is related to increased testosterone levels, and high levels of physical exercise may offset the adverse effects of long-term sitting on the body.
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