How Does Education Affect Health :An EmpiricalAnalysis Of The Cross -spouse Effect Ⅱ

Notes:

• *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance at different levels (e.g., *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01).
• Values in parentheses are standard errors.

4 Extended research

As an ideology, gender concepts are inevitably affected by the changes in the market economy, thus reflecting the impact of the market economy and the national and social factors surrounding the market economy on the economic, political and family status of men and women (Gu Hui, 2014). First, during the planned economy period, the socioeconomic value of education was ignored, people's education level was generally low, and gender imbalance in the field of education existed for a long time. After the reform and opening up, marketization stimulated the socioeconomic value of education, improved people's education level and the balanced distribution between men and women (Shi Lei and Li Lulu, 2022). In particular, with the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the policy of expanding enrollment in colleges and universities, the proportion of women receiving higher education has continued to rise, and the gender gap in education has been narrowed (Song Jian and Fan Wenting, 2017). The improvement of women's education level has accelerated the spread of the concept of gender equality (Wang Wentao and Cao Dandan, 2019), making gender equality a reality (Zhang Zhaoshu and Chen Qi, 2013). Secondly, the development of the market economy has broken the traditional gender division of labor order, and women's socioeconomic roles have been re-confirmed by the market and the state.

HERBAL FORMULATION FOR MEN HEALTH- CISTANCHE SUPPLEMENTS

On the one hand, the market can provide more employment opportunities, and women can obtain economic returns that are no less than those of men, which helps to improve their socioeconomic status and realize their self-worth; on the other hand, in the market economy, women are placed under unified competition rules, which can inspire them to constantly pursue a new image of self-esteem, self-reliance, and self-confidence, and this positive self-awareness also helps to improve women's subjective social welfare. Finally, in the activities of both sexes, men tend to put themselves in a relatively advantageous position, while women tend to establish an equal dialogue relationship. This difference shows that men attach more importance to their position in the social class than women (Tannen, 1994). However, with the development of the market economy, people's gender concepts have changed significantly, from the traditional male-dominated, female-subordinate, male-dominated, and female-dominated, to the equality of men and women, joint participation, and joint enjoyment. In view of this, this section will measure the impact of marketization from two aspects.

This paper incorporates the interaction term of education level and marketization index into the model for re-regression. In order to reduce the estimation result bias caused by abnormal values, this paper uses the average value of the marketization index of each province (city) from 2008 to 2016 as a proxy indicator of the marketization degree of the region. The estimation results in Table 5 show that in column (1), after controlling other variables, the main effect of education level is significantly negative. The higher the education level, the lower the obesity rate of women, which shows that education level has a significant improvement effect on women's health, but the interaction coefficient is not significant. In column (2), the spouse's education level has a significant positive effect on male obesity, that is, the male obesity rate will increase with the improvement of the spouse's education level. In addition, the interaction coefficient between female education level and marketization index is -0.009, and it is significant at a confidence level of 10%, which shows that market-oriented development helps to improve men's traditional gender views and has an important impact on relieving life pressure and improving obesity. Column (3) replaces the spouse's education level with the difference in education level between men and women. The estimation results show that the above conclusion still holds true, that is, marketization has a greater and more significant improvement effect on male obesity.

The development of the market economy not only improves women's education level, but also weakens men's traditional gender concepts, which will have different impacts on the health status of men and women. Based on the above logic, it can be further deduced that for people who get married in different periods, the educational level The impact on health is also different. The later the marriage, the greater the improvement effect of women's education on their own health, while the greater the negative impact on men's health. In the empirical analysis, we divided the respondents' marriage time into three different periods: before 1978, 1978-1992, and 1993 and after.

The estimation results in Table 6 show that from the regression results in columns (1) to (3), for women who got married before 1978 and from 1978 to 1992, the level of education has an impact on their own health. The impact of status is not significant. In contrast, education level has a significant positive impact on the health status of women who married in 1993 and later. That is, the higher the education level, the lower the obesity rate of women, and the better their health status. The better. Columns (4) to (6) estimate the impact of women's education level on men's health. The study found that for men who were married before 1978, an increase in women's education level has no significant impact on their health status. However, for men who married between 1978 and 1992 and 1993 and later, women's education level has a significant negative impact on their health status, that is, the higher the education level of women, the higher the obesity rate of men. , the worse the health status. From a longitudinal comparison, for men who marry later, the negative impact of women's education level on their health is smaller. This shows that marketization has the effect of alleviating the psychological burden and mental pressure caused by the improvement of female spouses' education level. important role and ultimately help reduce obesity rates and improve health.

5 Conclusion and Enlightenment

Education can help people acquire more health knowledge, have more social resources, and shape healthier living habits, thereby playing an important role in improving health. In a marital relationship, education is a resource that can be allocated and shared between husband and wife. Education has a spillover effect on health.

Can bring additional health advantages or disadvantages beyond one's own education. This article uses the 2017 China General Social Survey data and a sample of married couples to empirically analyze the spillover effect of education on health and whether there are gender differences in this effect. The main research conclusions are as follows:

First, the impact of education on health has a spillover effect and there are significant gender differences. Women's health is mainly affected by their own education level. The higher the education level, the lower the obesity rate and the better the health status. In contrast, men's health is mainly affected by the education level of their spouses. The higher the education level of their spouses, the better their obesity. The higher the rate, the worse the health status. These gender differences persisted after adjusting for many factors that influence health.

These findings have important theoretical implications. If the spillover effects of education are not taken into account, the negative impact of education will be underestimated when estimating the impact of education on men's health.

Secondly, traditional gender concepts are an important reason for gender differences in educational spillover effects. The education level of a spouse has a greater impact on the health status of men with strong traditional gender concepts than men with weak traditional gender concepts. The improvement of education level gives women more resources and power, and they can shape a more scientific diet structure and a more reasonable lifestyle, thereby helping to reduce the obesity rate and improve health. But at the same time, the improvement of women's education level will break the traditional gender division of labor model of "the husband is the master of the outside world and the wife is the master of the house" and "the husband is the master of the house and the wife is the second", continue to challenge men's family (social) status, and bring them huge challenges. Psychological burden and mental stress, leading to an increase in obesity rates and deterioration of health conditions.

Finally, marketization plays an important moderating role in weakening traditional gender role concepts and improving the adverse effects of spouse's education level on men's health. With the development of the market economy, people's gender concepts are generally developing in a more modern and equal direction. The education level of a spouse has an impact on men.

The negative impact on sexual health is getting smaller and smaller. This conclusion still holds true in the longitudinal comparison of different marriage times. For men who married before 1978, the impact of spouse's education level on health is not significant. For men who marry later, their spouse's education level has a significant negative impact on men's health, and the later they get married, the smaller their spouse's education level has a smaller negative impact on men's health.

What deserves further discussion is that the research results of this article show that marketization has brought about the equalization of gender concepts, especially the equality of men's gender concepts. The existing literature on research on gender concepts in China shows that with the deepening of marketization, the gender concepts of the Chinese people have changed to the traditional ones.

There is a phenomenon of traditional "resurgence", and this resurgence is more obvious among men (Xu Qi, 2016; Liu Aiyu, 2019). The reason for the above contradictory conclusions may be that the existing literature mainly examines the overall changes in traditional gender concepts, rather than discussing the impact of education level on traditional gender concepts with the development of marketization. From this, it is concluded that the overall gender concept Or the conclusion that the changing trends of gender concepts in certain dimensions are inconsistent. There is empirical evidence that over time, people's overall gender concept index scores continue to improve and become increasingly modern and equal. From 1990 to 2010, the gender concepts of men and women have generally developed in a more equal direction (Yang Juhua, 2017). This also reflects that the changes in gender roles in China are a complex phenomenon. There are problems such as conflicts between traditional consciousness and modern concepts, and contradictions between deep consciousness and superficial ideas. Will the changes in China's gender role concepts continue to "resurgence" toward tradition or become more traditional? For modernization, a longer historical period of investigation is needed.

The policy implications of this article are: First, the improvement effect of education on women's health has been confirmed. Therefore, relevant departments should effectively implement the relevant provisions of the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests" to protect women's right to education, especially to improve women's health. Enrollment in primary and secondary schools

rate, fully unleashing the gradient improvement effect of education on health; second, marketization is a feasible strategy to weaken gender identity norms and reduce the rising rate of male obesity. The development of marketization can not only strengthen the value of human capital, but also promote per capita education The level of education can be improved, and it can weaken traditional gender concepts, achieve equal status for men, and create a more harmonious family environment for health promotion.

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