What Are The Beneficial Components Of Cistanche in Modern Scientific Research That Are Beneficial To Human Health?
Mar 19, 2022
Cistanche is the dry, scaly succulent stem of Cistanche deserticola YC Ma or C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight of the Lidanaceae plant [1]. There are many records in "Ben Cao Jing Shu", "Ben Cao Hui Yan" and "Yue Hua Zi Materia Medica". Cistanche is sweet, salty, warm in nature, and returns to the two meridians of the kidney and large intestine. It has the effects of tonifying kidney yang, nourishing essence, and blood, moisturizing bowels and laxatives. Muscle and bone weakness, intestinal dryness, and constipation [1]. Cistanche is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia (Azuo Banner), Gansu (Changma), and other places [2]. Cistanche deserticola mainly contains phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, lignans, carbohydrates, and other chemical components, which have neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-liver damage, laxative, and other pharmacological effects, and are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. , has a good development prospect. In this paper, the research progress of the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Cistanche deserticola was reviewed, and based on the basic requirements of traditional Chinese medicine quality markers (Q-Marker), the Q-Marker of Cistanche deserticola was predicted, which provided a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation and quality control of Cistanche deserticola.
Contact: joanna.jia@wecistanche.com
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1. Chemical Composition
Cistanche contains a variety of chemical components, mainly phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, lignans, and their glycosides, sugars, and other chemical components, in addition, also contains benzyl alcohol glycosides, monoterpenes, Alkaloids, volatile oils, amino acids, inorganic trace elements, and other components [3-4].
1.1 Phenylethanol glycosides
Phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs) are the main components of Cistanche deserticola. At present, Song Qingqing [5] has isolated more than 70 such compounds by mass spectrometry analysis, including 4 aminoglycosides, 41 diglycosides, and 25 triglycerides, including Salidroside, Cistanche glycoside C, Cistanche glycoside C, Cistanche glycoside D, Verbasin, Isaveroside, Echinacoside, Chrysoside and 2′-Acetyl Foundaside, etc.; Nan Zedong et al.[6 ] Using normal phase silica gel, gel Sephadex LH-20, MCI, ODS and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, cis-piperanthoside B, and cis-piperanthocyanidin were isolated from 85% ethanol extract of dried succulent stems of Cistanche deserticola cultivated in a tower by normal phase silica gel, gel Sephadex LH-20, MCI, ODS, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Cistanche glycosides K, cis-cistanche glycosides J, and cis-heteroside C; Cimicifugain, guanoside B, and phylloside, Zhang Jie et al. [8] used silica gel column chromatography, preparative liquid chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 and other methods to separate and identify the phenethanol glycoside compounds guanoside A, etc.; Wang Liwei et al. [9] using reversed-phase silica gel chromatography, gel chromatography, HPLC preparation and other separation and purification techniques, isolated 2'-acetylverbasic glycosides, Cistanche glycosides A, osmanthuside B and so on. The phenylethanoid glycoside compounds in Cistanche deserticola are shown in Table 1, and the chemical structure of the main component parent nucleus is shown in Figure 1.
2 Pharmacological effects
2.1 Neuroprotective effects
Liu Mingchuan et al. [14] used biological enzymes to extract Cistanche deserticola. First, the single factor test was used to optimize the process conditions. The extract was purified by roll membrane and freeze-dried to obtain the extract of Cistanche deserticola. Then, the antioxidant activity was tested. In the experiment, the protective effect of Cistanche deserticola extract on the central nervous system of zebrafish was evaluated according to the statistical analysis results of the fluorescence intensity of apoptotic cells. 2) /Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein-1 (Keep-1) pathway induces neurovascular regeneration in MCAO/R rats and promotes the recovery of neurological function; Grouped treatment, the two groups were given basic treatment and then were treated with Naofukang treatment and total glucosides of Cistanche deserticola respectively. Improve the cognitive function of patients with vascular dementia, which is beneficial to shorten the hospital stay and improve the ability of daily life; Ju Bowie et al[17] randomly divided 60 6-month-old APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD model mice and gave them to Distilled water, donepezil, total phenylethanoid glycosides of Cistanche deserticola, and Cistanche deserticola verbasidin for 3 months. At the age of 9 months, the behavioral changes of mice were detected by the Morris water maze method, and the hippocampal lesions of the mouse brain were observed by HE staining. Histochemical and Western-blot methods were used to investigate the expression of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 proteins in the hippocampus. The experimental results showed that Cistanche deserticola could significantly reduce the damage of hippocampal neurons in the brain of mice, improve the learning and memory ability of mice, and reduce the number of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 positive cells were decreased, and the protein expression was down-regulated; Wang Jingkang et al. [18] subcultured PC12 cells, then constructed a damage model, and then used the MTT method to detect the cell viability and carried out various staining analysis and Western blotting analysis The alcohol extract of Cistanche deserticola has a good protective effect on the injury of PC12 nerve cells caused by hypoxia/glucose reperfusion. Zeng Kewu et al[19] constructed a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model by suture method and detected the expression level of superoxide dismutase in the rat brain by immunohistochemistry. Agarose solid-phase microspheres are used to enrich the target group of phenylethanoid glycosides, capture the relevant target proteins of cerebral protection, and use high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify them. Perfusion injury was improved.
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2.2 Immunity
Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharide is the material basis for Cistanche deserticola to play the role of immune regulation, which can promote the proliferation of lymphocytes, improve the immune function of the body, activate immune cells, and at the same time can significantly improve the phagocytic and secretory functions of macrophages, thereby activating macrophages and regulating immunity. the role of activity [10]. The detection of mouse spleen lymphocytes and the determination of the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages showed that Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharides could significantly increase the activity of macrophages and promote lymphocyte proliferation. The phenethyl glucoside extract in Cistanche deserticola can also regulate immunity. Luo Ziyan et al. [21] proved through mouse animal experiments that the phenethyl glucoside extract of Cistanche deserticola can induce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to stimulate macrophages Synthesize NO, but also stimulate macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and activate the immune regulation function of macrophages. Angelica extract and astragalus extract can make phenylethanol The glucoside extract can enhance the activation of macrophages. The compound tablet of angelica extract, astragalus extract, and phenethyl glucoside extract can enhance the immune effect by regulating the cellular immunity and monocyte-macrophage function of normal mice.
2.3 Anti-aging
2.3.1 Antioxidant
On the basis of single-factor experiments, Ailadan·Maimaitiaili et al. [22] optimized the extraction process of polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola dregs through orthogonal experiments and conducted a preliminary study on its in vitro antioxidant activity. The results showed that Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharide has high antioxidant activity, it has the ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals, and has a strong reducing ability to copper ions. The content was determined by the anthrone sulfuric acid method, and three antioxidant models were used to study the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide components in the residues of Cistanche deserticola. oxidative activity.
2.3.2 Anti-fatigue
By first preparing polyphenol extract, then through resin pretreatment, static adsorption, and elution experiments to select the appropriate resin type, and through dynamic adsorption and elution experiments to obtain the best purification process conditions, the test results show high, medium, and low Dosage of the purified product of Cistanche deserticola can significantly prolong the swimming time of mice, significantly increase the content of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen in the body, improve the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, effectively inhibit the level of lactic acid production, and strengthen the endurance of the body. It can better relieve body fatigue; 160 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Compared with the negative control group in low, medium, and high dose groups after administration, Compound Cistanche tablets can significantly increase the time to exhaustion of mice in weight-bearing swimming, and can significantly increase the weight-bearing swimming exhaustion time of mice. It can delay the generation of fatigue, increase the level of liver glycogen, and accelerate the clearance of blood lactic acid; Yan Lei et al. [26] compared the normal control group, model group, low-dose Cistanche polysaccharide group, and Cistanche polysaccharide high-dose group in 4 groups of mice in weight-bearing swimming time, lactate (LA), serum urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, liver tissue superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase activities, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen content, the results showed that the polysaccharide of Cistanche deserticola It has an anti-fatigue effect on D-galactose-induced aging mice, which may be related to reducing serum BUN and LA content, increasing liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content and enhancing resistance to free radical damage.
Predictive analysis of Cistanche deserticola Q-Marker based on traditional efficacy
The traditional efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a high summary of its clinical efficacy through long-term practice under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, which has important guiding significance for the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine [44].
"Compendium of Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola, the essential medicine for nourishing the kidney and nourishing the essence and blood, the gas is slightly warm, and it is said that those who think it is hot are mistaken;
"Compendium of Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola, nourishing life gate, nourishing kidney qi, nourishing essence, and blood medicine;
"Beijing Fengyuan" records: Cistanche deserticola, "Beijing" is mainly used to nourish the wounds, because the fire can't produce soil, and it is not the essence of the qi;
"Yuyu Medicinal Solution" records: Cistanche radix, warms waist and knees, strengthens bones and flesh, nourishes kidney, liver, essence, and blood, moistens the intestines and stomach from dryness;
"Materia Medica for Truth" records: Cistanche deserticola, various books say that it is strong to nourish blood and essence, and it is said that its power can stimulate yang and help fire. It is clear that because of its temperature, its power is dedicated to nourishing yin so that yang is attached to yin, and yang is self-seeing. ;
"Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola,
"Beijing" mainly refers to the treatment of yin, which is mainly used to nourish the yin, nourish the five internal organs, and strengthen the yin.
Modern pharmacological experiments have shown that the traditional effects of Cistanche deserticola in tonifying kidney-yang and nourishing essence and blood are mainly reflected in the therapeutic effects of valine, leucine, lysine, and other amino acids and mannitol and other polysaccharides contained in Cistanche deserticola in anti-fatigue. The traditional effect of intestinal laxative is mainly reflected in the therapeutic effect of Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharide on constipation, which is the main material basis for the traditional efficacy of Cistanche and can be used as an important basis for the screening of Cistanche Cistanche Q-Marker.
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Summarize
Cistanche deserticola is a traditional Chinese medicine with high clinical medicinal value. It contains hundreds of active ingredients and has many pharmacological effects. It has good development value and development prospects. Among them, phenylethanoid glycosides are one of the main pharmacological active components, which have the functions of protecting nerves, anti-virus, antioxidant, liver protection, and liver protection. aging, etc.
2.4 Anti-osteoporosis
Zhang et al. [27], based on the theory of "kidney governing the bone", used a castrated rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis to observe the therapeutic effect of Cistanche deserticola extract (CDE) on osteoporosis. All the data showed that CDE has a potential anti-osteoporosis effect;
Wu Yang et al. [28] randomly selected 70 patients with primary osteoporosis who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology from June 2015 to June 2017 in Wenzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The patients were divided into a treatment group and a control group and were administered Cistanche deserticola and Calqi D tablets respectively. After 6 months of treatment, the treatment group achieved significant curative effects. Improve bone density, and then play the role of anti-osteoporosis.
Yu Lixin et al. [29] randomly divided 52 SPF SD female rats into a model group of 18, a treatment group of 18, and a control group of 16 to create osteoporosis models and fracture models. Bone mineral density, Micro-CT scanning was performed after the samples were fixed, and the levels of interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β1 were determined.
2.5 Liver protection
Zhang Shilei et al. [30] prepared Cistanche Cistanche phenethyl alcohol total glycosides (CPhGs) liposomes by thin-film dispersion method, observed particle shape, detected particle size distribution, and measured encapsulation efficiency and drug loading by the high-performance liquid phase. Rats were randomly divided into groups and given corresponding test substances respectively. The serum biochemical indexes of the rats in the normal control group and the BSA sensitized model group were compared. Masson staining was used to observe the distribution of liver tissue fibers in each group. The mRNA expression of Collagen I and Collagen III in rat liver tissue, and the protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and Collagen I in rat liver tissue were detected by Western blot. Plasticized Cistanche Cistanche phenethyl alcohol total glycosides API and blank liposomes; Guo et al. [31] also confirmed that a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharides can reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and triglyceride, regulate the activity of related enzymes, so as to play a protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.
2.6 Laxatives
Liu Xianhong et al. [32] randomly divided 61 patients with constipation from 2017 to 2018 into two groups and were treated with Cistanche decoction and domperidone tablets respectively. Comparing the curative effects of the two groups showed that Cistanche decoction was suitable for clinical treatment of constipation, and it could treat both the symptoms and the symptoms. Gao Yunjia et al[33] randomly divided 67 mice into a model group, each extract group, and a blank control group. By observing the feces, it was concluded that the pharmacodynamic substances of Cistanche deserticola and laxative were total oligosaccharides and galactitol.
2.7 Other pharmacological effects
Liu Tao et al[34] found that Cistanche can regulate the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen, and anti-Müllerian hormone, and inhibit the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) genes. , which may affect premature ovarian failure by regulating the balance of sex hormone factors and Bcl-2/Bax protein; Zhang Nana et al[35] randomly divided 62 rats into 5 groups and adopted the method of removing the ovaries of SHR rats and giving dry diet A compound animal model of climacteric hypertension and dryness syndrome was established, and the changes in rats were observed after administration respectively. The results showed that the polysaccharide of Cistanche deserticola could regulate the corticosteroid and adrenaline by enhancing the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and correcting the disorder of hypothalamic neurotransmitters. It can stabilize the internal environment of the body, improve endocrine function, accelerate metabolism, and have a good effect on the treatment of menopause; some studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola can also promote the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes [36], and enhance phagocytosis. Cell activity [37-38], prevention of high altitude cerebral edema [39], prevention of high altitude pulmonary edema [40], and so on.
Predictive analysis of Cistanche deserticola Q-Marker based on traditional efficacy.
The traditional efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a high summary of its clinical efficacy through long-term practice under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, which has important guiding significance for the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine [44].
"Compendium of Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola, the essential medicine for nourishing the kidney and nourishing the essence and blood, the gas is slightly warm, and it is said that those who think it is hot are mistaken;
"Compendium of Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola, nourishing life gate, nourishing kidney qi, nourishing essence, and blood medicine;
"Beijing Fengyuan" records: Cistanche deserticola, "Beijing" is mainly used to nourish the wounds, because the fire can't produce soil, and it is not the essence of the qi;
"Yuyu Medicinal Solution" records: Cistanche radix, warms waist and knees, strengthens bones and flesh, nourishes kidney, liver, essence, and blood, moistens the intestines and stomach from dryness;
"Materia Medica for Truth" records: Cistanche deserticola, various books say that it is strong to nourish blood and essence, and it is said that its power can stimulate yang and help fire. It is clear that because of its temperature, its power is dedicated to nourishing yin so that yang is attached to yin, and yang is self-seeing. ;
"Materia Medica" records: Cistanche deserticola,
"Beijing" mainly refers to the treatment of yin, which is mainly used to nourish the yin, nourish the five internal organs, and strengthen the yin.
Modern pharmacological experiments have shown that the traditional effects of Cistanche deserticola in tonifying kidney-yang and nourishing essence and blood are mainly reflected in the therapeutic effects of valine, leucine, lysine, and other amino acids and mannitol and other polysaccharides contained in Cistanche deserticola in anti-fatigue. The traditional effect of intestinal laxative is mainly reflected in the therapeutic effect of Cistanche Cistanche polysaccharide on constipation, which is the main material basis for the traditional efficacy of Cistanche and can be used as an important basis for the screening of Cistanche Q-Marker.
Cistanche tubulosa prevents kidney disease, click here to get the sample
Summarize
Cistanche deserticola is a traditional Chinese medicine with high clinical medicinal value. It contains hundreds of active ingredients and has many pharmacological effects. It has good development value and development prospects. Among them, phenylethanoid glycosides are one of the main pharmacological active components, which have the functions of protecting nerves, anti-virus, antioxidant, liver protection, and liver protection. aging, etc.
