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Comparison The Effect Of Charcoal-containing, Hydrogen Peroxide-containing, And Abrasive Whitening Toothpaste On Color Stability Of A Resin Composite; An in Vitro Study

Apr 12, 2023

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of charcoal-containing, hydrogen peroxide-containing, and abrasive whitening toothpaste on the color stability of a resin composite.
Methods: Forty-five specimens were fabricated of spectrum TPH3 composite resin and stored in artificial saliva for 24 h. A baseline color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer device. Then, the specimens were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups, namely distilled water (GC), Bencer (GB), Colgate optic white (GO), perfect white black (GP), and Colgate total whitening (GT) toothpaste. The specimens were immersed in the coffee solution for 10 min and brushed for 1 min with respective toothpaste and then stored in artificial saliva until the next day. This cycle was repeated for 30 days. After 30 days, the final color assessment was performed using the spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests.

Results: Experimental groups were not significantly different in terms of Δa and ΔE values. However, ΔL and Δb values showed significant differences among the groups. Regarding Δa, GT and GC groups showed a red color shift while the other groups showed a green color shift. Regarding Δb, all groups showed a blue color shift except the GT group which showed a yellow color shift.

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Conclusion: None of the whitening toothpaste could decrease discoloration caused by the coffee solution to the level below the perceptibility threshold except Colgate Optic White which reduced discoloration within the clinically acceptable perceptibility range.
Keywords: Whitening toothpaste, Discoloration, Composite resin

Background

Resin composites are commonly used in conservative dental restorative procedures due to their good esthetic properties and adequate bond to the tooth structure. Despite their satisfying aesthetic qualities, resin composite restorations are susceptible to discoloration by extrinsic factors, such as plaque accumulation and food and beverage consumption. Discoloration of these restorations might necessitate the replacement of restorations, which cost the patients and is time-consuming [1–3]. Thus, tooth whitening treatments, such as home or office bleaching and over-the-counter products, have been developed and used to manage discoloration [4]. It has been shown that bleaching procedures should not be performed on patients with tooth hypersensitivity, children younger than 18, and pregnant or nursing women [5]. Thus, many patients prefer to choose the contour methods, including whitening toothpaste due to their reasonable price and easy application [6, 7]. These toothpastes are effective in tooth whitening and apply their effects by different mechanisms and agents, including chemical agents, active charcoal, and abrasive components [8]. It has been claimed that in charcoal-containing toothpaste, deposits on tooth surfaces are absorbed by activated charcoal. By brushing, charcoal and deposits stuck in charcoal irregularities, are brushed away and leave the tooth surface clean [9]. In peroxide-containing toothpaste, the peroxide agent decomposes and releases active oxygen, which reacts with the organic stains and breaks them down into non-colored organic compounds [10]. However, peroxides in toothpaste formulation are less common and challenging because of the formulation aspects [11]. Although different components are present in whitening toothpaste, their whitening potentials are primarily applied by their abrasive features [6, 7]. According to the literature, whitening toothpaste effectively removes extrinsic stains. Still, they might act as a double-edged sword and make composite restorations more susceptible to discoloration by increasing the surface roughness and changing the restoration’s contour. Thus, the ultimate effect of this toothpaste on the color stability of resin composites is a matter of concern.

Some previous studies have investigated the effect of whitening products on the color stability of natural teeth [3, 12]. In a systematic review conducted by Soeteman et al. [13], the authors concluded that using whitening toothpaste has significantly reduced the surface staining of natural teeth compared to conventional toothpaste. Still, the information on the impact of these products on the color stability of resin composites is limited in the literature. According to Demir et al. [14] and Manis et al. [12], whitening toothpaste decreased the composite discoloration after immersion in wine and coffee, respectively. However, no toothpaste could decrease ΔE below the clinically acceptable level.

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It has been shown that coffee is consumed by a large population and has a significant potential for staining both teeth and composite restorations due to its high temperature [15] and acidity [16]. Thus, the effect of whitening toothpaste on the discoloration caused by coffee consumption is a matter of concern and requires further evaluation.

The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the effects of four whitening kinds of toothpaste with different mechanisms of action, including a toothpaste with high abrasive potential (Colgate Total Whitening), two kinds of toothpaste containing active charcoal (Bencer charcoal and Perfect White Black), and a toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Optic White) on the color stability of a resin composite.

Methods

Sample preparation

In the present study, 45 composite samples (Spectrum TPH, Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina, USA) were fabricated in disc form shapes by compacting composite in a stainless steel mold (2 mm of diameter and 7  mm of height). A polyester matrix and glass slab were placed on both sides of the mold to press the composite with a glass slab to smooth the composite surfaces. The samples were cured by a light cure device (Woodpecker LED Curing, Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China) with 1000 mW/cm2 of power intensity for 20 s, from each side of the mold. A radiometer (Woodpecker LM-1 Light Meter, Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China) was used to calibrate the light cure intensity periodically. Samples were polished using 1200, 2400, and 4000 grit aluminum oxide abrasive disks (Extec, Enfield, CT, USA) and then stored in artificial saliva for 24 h. The samples were divided into five groups (n=9) randomly and brushed daily for 30 consecutive days using different kinds of toothpaste as follows:
• Control: No toothpaste, only distilled water
• GO: Colgate optic white
• GT: Colgate total whitening
• GP: Perfect white black
• GB: Bencer charcoal

Table 1 summarizes the formulation of the toothpaste and manufacturers used in the present study.

Surface treatments; immersion in coffee solution and tooth brushing

Before daily brushing, all samples were immersed in 2 ml of coffee solution for 10  min, at room temperature, and under constant agitation. The coffee solution was made by mixing coffee powder (NESCAFÉ Red Mug, Nestle Corp., Vevey, Switzerland) with boiling water according to the manufacturer’s instructions and cooling to room temperature. Then, toothpaste slurry was made using toothpaste and distilled water in a 3:1 ratio by weight. Each sample was brushed with toothpaste slurry by a customized automatic brushing machine for 1  min at a speed of 120  cycles/min. After brushing, samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37  °C. The composition of artificial saliva was similar to that of the Viana et al. study [17]. These procedures were repeated daily for 30 consecutive days. The automatic brushing device simulated a back-and-forth motion within a 5 mm range. 120 cycles of daily brushing used in this study correspond to the situation that a person brushes three times a day, each with 40 cycles. The toothbrushes (Extra Clean, Colgate-Palmolive Co., New York, NY, USA) used in the machine were replaced every four days; according to the study conducted by Gundavarapu et al. [18], it has been suggested that toothbrushes should be renewed every 3–4 months which corresponds to 7200–9600 cycles of tooth brushing. The bristles’ hardness of the tooth brushed used in the present was medium.

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Color assessment

The color of the samples was assessed at two times:

At the baseline: After sample preparation and 24  h of immersion in artificial saliva, the samples were dried, and baseline L*, a*, and b* values of each sample were measured by a spectrophotometer (Easyshade, VITA Zahnfabrik Co., Badsackingen, Germany).

After surface treatment: After 30  days of daily tooth brushing and immersion in coffee, all samples were ultrasonically cleaned and dried. Subsequently, the spectrophotometer device assessed their colors. Figure  1 summarizes the study methodology.

Each time, the color assessment was performed using a special jig fabricated of putty (Express STD Putty, 3M-ESPE, Minnesota, USA) to ensure the assessment’s reproducibility. The overall color change of samples (ΔE) was calculated using the formula below:

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Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (for pairwise comparisons) in SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The significance diference
the level was considered less than 0.05 (P value<0.05).

Results

The means and standard deviations of Δa, Δb, ΔL, and ΔE values are presented in Table 2. According to ANOVA results, the experimental groups were not significantly different in terms of Δa and ΔE values (P value=0.19 and P value=0.28, respectively). However, ΔL and Δb values showed significant differences among the groups (P value=0.004 and P value=0.05, respectively). Tukey test was performed for pairwise comparison among the groups for ΔL and Δb values. According to the results of the Tukey test, a significant difference was found between GC and GT (P value=0.007), GB and GT (P value=0.02), and GP and GT groups (P value=0.02) in terms of ΔL. For Δb, a significant difference was presented between GP and GT (P value=0.04).

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In terms of Δa, GC and GT groups showed a shift toward redness, and other groups showed a shift toward greenness. Regarding Δb, all groups showed a shift toward blueness, except the GT group, which showed a shift toward yellowness.

Discussion

The present study investigated the effects of four kinds of whitening toothpaste with different mechanisms of action, including abrasive toothpaste (Colgate total whitening), two active charcoal-containing toothpaste (Bencer charcoal and Perfect White Black), and hydrogen peroxide-containing toothpaste (Colgate Optic White) on the color stability of resin composites.
In the present study, we evaluated Δa, Δb, ΔL, and ΔE since many studies have reported that Δb and ΔE parameters have changed dramatically after whitening treatments [19]. The shift in the Δb parameter, from yellowness to blueness, is attributed to a whiter color [20, 21].

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The spectrophotometer can detect ΔE values even less than 1.5 while the human eye cannot perceive ΔE values less than 3.3. Previous studies have considered different ΔE values as an acceptable threshold in clinical settings [22, 23]. We considered ΔE=3.3 as a perceptibility threshold in the present study.

A conventional hybrid composite (Spectrum TPH) was used for this study since its physical properties including diametral tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and depth of cure are superior or comparable with those of microflow and packable resin composites which make it a reliable and popular choice for clinical application [24].

The coffee solution was used in the staining procedure since coffee is consumed by a large population and has a significant potential for staining both teeth and restorations. Besides, coffee causes resin composite discoloration due to its high temperature [15] and acidity [16]. Moreover, in addition to surface staining, coffee also causes subsurface staining because its polar and delayed-release stains are absorbed by the composite surface [25, 26].

The results of the present study revealed that there was no significant difference among the experimental groups for ΔE and Δa parameters; however, a significant difference was noted among the groups regarding Δb and ΔL parameters.

Our results were inconsistent with those of Bezgin et al. [22]. According to their results, tooth brushing using conventional toothpaste decreased the color change of the samples after 60 consecutive days; all samples showed ΔE less than 3.3. In our study, however, ΔE less than 3.3 was only presented by the GO group. In Bezgin et al. study, Coca, chocolate milk, and juice were used for staining the samples while we used the coffee solutions in the staining procedure. This may account for our different results since coffee causes more prominent discoloration than the beverages Bezgin et al. used in their study [16].

Furthermore, the toothpaste used in their study was conventional in contrast to the present study, in which whitening toothpaste was used.

Demir et al.[14] Investigated the effect of whitening toothpaste with various mechanisms of action on the color stability of a resin composite following immersion in red wine; according to their results only brushing with Colgate Optic White toothpaste significantly decreased the discoloration caused by wine. These findings are consistent with our results which showed Colgate Optic White could decrease ΔE within the clinical acceptability range (ΔE=2.9).

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On the other hand, Manis et al. [12] concluded that none of the whitening toothpaste used in their study could decrease ΔE within the clinical acceptability range as opposed to the results of the present study. The possible explanation might be due to the different resin composite compositions including particle size and resin matrix composition used in the two studies.

It is worth mentioning that different methodology including different types of composite, toothpaste, the number of brushing cycles, and staining procedure used in the present study, makes it difficult to compare our results with those of other studies.
About ΔE, the lowest value was noted in the GO group, followed by the GT group, GP group, Control group, and GB group. However, ΔE was not significantly different among these groups.

GO group was the only group with ΔE within the clinical acceptability range (ΔE=2.9). Colgate Optic White toothpaste contains both chemical (hydrogen peroxide) and abrasive (silica, calcium, and pyrophosphate) agents in its formulation. These abrasive and chemical agents’ synergic effect has contributed to the more effective removal of surface and subsurface stains caused by coffee. Moreover, peroxide components have probably oxidized the subsurface stains and altered their absorption spectrum in such a way that human eyes could not perceive their color.

The second lowest ΔE was noted in the GT group. Colgate Total Whitening toothpaste contains TiO2 pigments. It is possible that the precipitation of TiO2 pigments on the composite surface has covered the yellow stains caused by the coffee solution and has decreased ΔE.

The Control group showed the highest ΔE after the GB group. According to the studies, the high number of tooth brushing cycles leads to the degradation of the composite resin, increasing surface roughness, and decreasing surface brightness [27]. Similarly, the tooth brushing cycles might have increased the surface roughness of composite resin in the present study and made it more susceptible to discoloration, but this discoloration has been improved relatively in GO, GT, and GP groups due to the whitening effects of toothpaste. On the other hand, the control group samples were only brushed with distilled water, and the lack of polishing and whitening effects of toothpaste may account for higher ΔE values in this group.

Finally, the highest ΔE was noted in the GB group. Bencer toothpaste contains active charcoal. The efficacy of charcoal-containing toothpaste depends on several factors, including the size, form, and abrasiveness of charcoal particles [28]. Since there was not adequate information about these factors in Bencer toothpaste,  we could not explain the exact mechanism which had resulted in higher ΔE values in this group.

Regarding Δb, a significant difference was found between GT and GP groups showing a shift toward yellowness and blueness, respectively. The GT group showed the highest shift toward yellowness which might be related to the high relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) value of Colgate Total Whitening, which caused a lot of abrasion on the composite surface. As a result, coffee stains were absorbed by the rough surface and caused subsurface staining.

The GP showed a shift toward blueness. It is speculated that the carbon in Perfect White Black toothpaste has absorbed coffee stains and resulted in this shift. The shift toward blueness also occurred in other carbon-containing toothpaste (Bencer); however, its Δb was not significantly different from the other groups.
The most important limitation of the present study is that the laboratory setting used in this study cannot completely simulate the oral environment; in the oral cavity, teeth, restorations, and soft tissues are constantly cleaned by circulating saliva and their exposure time to materials and stains decreases significantly. Besides, the artificial saliva used for storing the samples lacks the enzymes and pellicles presented in saliva. Thus, the generalization of the results obtained from this study to clinical settings must be made cautiously. It should be noted that many coffee consumers are cigarette smokers; we did not evaluate the effect of smoking on the color change of the samples in our study.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the present study, the results revealed after 30 consecutive days, none of the whitening toothpaste could decrease discoloration caused by the coffee solution to the level below the perceptibility threshold except Colgate Optic White. Thus, the use of Colgate Optic White might be beneficial for coffee drinkers who experience discoloration of their composite discoloration. However, further clinical studies are required to confirm these results.

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Abbreviations

GO Colgate optic white toothpaste; GT: Colgate Total whitening toothpaste; GP: Perfect white black toothpaste; GB: Bencer charcoal toothpaste.

Authors’ contributions

HK, EA, and LO designed the method of the study. SM and NR collected the data and contribute to analyzing data. EA, HK, and LO interpreted the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Details
1Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar, 14174 Tehran, Iran. 

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