PART 2 Revealing The Impact Of The Environment On Cistanche Salsa: From Global Ecological Regionalization To Soil Microbial Community Characteristics
Mar 03, 2022
For more information please contact: Joanna.jia@wecistanche.com
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4. DISCUSSION
The most suitable growth areas of C. salsa (Figure 2) are primarily distributed in countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, such as those in Central Asia and West Asia, the Mediterranean coast, North African countries, including Egypt and Libya, and China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.31 Most of these countries are in desert climate zones and suffer severe land desertification. C. salsa is a nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant that grows in deserts, desert steppe belts, and sites with heavy saline−alkali stress at altitudes of 700−2650 m.32 C. salsa parasitizes the roots of its hosts, such as Palladium, Ceratoides, and Suaedas, which play important roles in the improvement of the ecological environment of arid regions.33 C. salsa is suitable for growing under conditions of sufficient sunlight, low rainfall, dry early, high cumulative temperature, and large temperature differences between day and night.34 C. salsa and its host can grow on barren and arid desert lands, and they have the functions of maintaining water and soil, preventing wind and sand, and improving the desert environment. Therefore, promoting the cultivation of C. salsa is important to improve land desertification in these areas. Meanwhile, the excellent edible and medicinal value of C. salsa can provide resources for local economic development. The ecological and medicinal functions of C. salsa confer social significance to the promotion of artificial cultivation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the desertification control of the Belt and Road countries, the conservation of wild resources of C. salsa, and the sustainable development of its economic value.
The rhizosphere soil microbiome plays an important role in plant life in promoting plant survival under adverse conditions.35 Studies have reported that there are plant growth rhizobia (PGPR) in the genus Arthrobacter, which can dissolve phosphate and hydrolyze casein, proving its potential in boosting plant ripening.36 It is a nitrogen-fixing rhizobium that can form a symbiosis with plants.37 Arthrobacter and several Streptomyces strains degrade agricultural pesticides in a synergistic relationship, indicating that they are crucial in agricultural production.38 Sphingomonas’s widespread distribution in the environment is due to its ability to utilize a variety of organic compounds and to grow and survive under low-nutrient conditions.39 Some bacteria in the genus Sphingomonas is a PGPR that can promote the growth of rice and tomato and can also be used as an eco-friendly biological resource for cleaning polluted places and promoting the growth of plants facing environmental disturbances.40,41 Bacillus can survive under extreme conditions and can grow under pH, temperature, and salt concentrations.42 Some bacteria in Bacillus is a PGPR that motivates plant growth and inhibits soil-borne plant pathogens by producing secondary metabolites.43 Rubrobacter promotes the growth of crops on land affected by salinity.35 Some bacteria in Streptomyces act as a PGPR and plant disease suppressor via various mechanisms, such as increasing the supply of nutrients, including phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and copper, and producing IAA, cytokinins, and siderophores.44 Plants rely on the beneficial interaction between roots and microorganisms to obtain nutrients, promote growth, and resist external stress.45 In summary, bacteria in most of the core genera in the arid and barren soil of C. salsa have been reported to produce nutrients, promote plant growth, and help plants resist disease. The above core microbiomes can be used as the key fertilizer for the artificial cultivation of C. salsa. We will further analyze the cultivation of these core microbiomes in the following work. In addition, since the annotation results of high-throughput sequencing mostly stay at the genus level, the next step is to more accurately locate the species level for research.
Precipitation is an important ecological factor that affects the C. salsa distribution. Jackknife test results in the MaxEnt model (Table 2) verified that the precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17) has the highest contribution rate to the species distribution prediction of C. salsa. Precipitation affects semiarid and arid deciduous plants in the Kalahari region of South Africa.46 Precipitation during the warmest quarter most strongly affects the distributions of P. bauxite and P. vanity.47 A study on climate change in West Africa found that changes in plant distribution are related to reduced precipitation.48 For the soil microbial community composition of C. salsa with different ecotypes, the influence mode of environmental factors is different. According to the results of RDA and correlation analysis, the key bioclimatic factors affecting soil microbial composition are altitude, precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), mean diurnal range (bio2), and mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10). Different altitudes may lead to a shift in the soil organic matter, thereby changing the composition of soil microbial communities.49 In arid environments, seasonal precipitation changes significantly affect the soil microbial biomass and community composition.50 Studies have also reported that precipitation amount and seasonal timing determine the duration and distribution of water available for plant and microbial activity in the cold desert steppe.51 Studies on the spatiotemporal patterns of soil bacterial diversity in arid environments have shown that precipitation is an important factor in determining changes in bacterial activity.52 The study found that precipitation of the warmest quarter is critical to the diversity and community composition of Phytophthora in different ecological regions of Australia, especially P. multivora and P. cinnamomi.53 Soil temperature affects the decomposition of microorganisms and thus the composition of soil microbial communities,54 and temperature also reflects the seasonal changes of bacterial communities.55In summary, seasonal precipitation, temperature changes, and altitude are the eco factor drivers that need to be considered for the artificial cultivation of C. salsa.
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In conclusion, this study is the first to explore the relationship between the environment and C. salsa from the macro-and micro dimensions. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The regions that are suitable for C. salsa growth are mainly concentrated in countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, such as China, Egypt, and Libya. (2) The core microbial genera (Arthrobacter, Sphingomonas, and Bacillus) of the three ecotypes of C. salsa are almost PGPR that can produce their own nutrients. (3) Precipitation is an important ecological factor that affects the distribution and soil microbial community composition of C. salsa. Our study provides insights into the regulatory relationship among the suitable distribution of C. salsa, soil microbial communities, and the environment. Moreover, we provide a theoretical basis for the artificial cultivation of C. salsa.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Lin-Fang Huang − Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking
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Authors
Xiao Sun − Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; orcid.org/0000-0001-9169- 3356
Jin Pei − Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
Yu-lin Lin − Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
Bao-li Li − Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
Li Zhang − College of Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, China
Bashir Ahmad − Center for Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
Complete contact information is available at: https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01568
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473315 and U1812403-1), National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (2018FY100701), Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan Project (2018JZ0028), Open Research Fund of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China (003109034001), and Beijing Natural Scientific Foundation (7202135), which are gratefully acknowledged.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express great thanks to Xiangxiao Meng from the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, for the guidelines for using the MaxEnt and ArcGIS software.
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