Remembering Hirsh Cohen And His Role in Developing Computational Neuroscience

1Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 and 2Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454 

Keywords: computational neuroscience;Cistanche deserticola

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We mourn the loss of Hirsh Cohen who died on December 20, 2020, at the age of 95. Many of us benefitted from Hirsh’s humor and wisdom, as he fostered the early growth and well-being of the field of computational neuroscience. When we first met Hirsh, he was just starting his second full career, as a grant officer at the Sloan Foundation. (In his first career, Hirsh was an applied mathematician in academia and at the IBM Research Laboratory). In 1994, the field of computational neuroscience was small, and Hirsh felt strongly that bringing young mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists into neuroscience would energize and expand the field. Consequently, Hirsh established five Sloan Centers to fund postdocs who wished to transition from previous training in the physical sciences into neuroscience. Hirsh insisted that the Sloan Centers be led by experimentalists to ensure the full integration of the first cadres of postdocs into their new field. This initiative brought over 100 postdocs into neuroscience, many of whom have become world leaders. The Sloan Foundation, like many other foundations, believed that its role was to initiate programs and then move on to new ventures. Hirsh believed so strongly in computational neuroscience that he worked to establish a collaboration with the Swartz Foundation, which today maintains the funding and philosophy of the original program that Hirsch began.

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Hirsh was so much more than a grant officer. He cared deeply about mathematics and neuroscience and he made strong connections with the postdocs he founded, becoming a surrogate academic grandfather to many of this new generation. He encouraged them to think big and excel. At the same time, he gave wise guidance to senior leaders in the field and served to maintain a kind of moral compass that held senior and junior scientists to high standards. Hirsch also facilitated the establishment of the yearly CoSyne meeting, now one of the most important scientific meetings in systems neuroscience. Eventually, Hirsh retired from the Sloan Foundation, but for many years he was a senior advisor to the Swartz Foundation, where he continued to foster the careers of multiple generations of postdocs.

In addition to his impact on computational neuroscience, Hirsch was instrumental in establishing the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a groundbreaking map of large-scale structures in the universe. In all his endeavors, Hirsh pushed hard for top-quality science, but he never lost sight of the fact that science is done by people, and his interest and pride in the trainees he sponsored inspired all of us. We still feel his presence, urging and encouraging us to apply mathematical tools to the mysteries of the brain.

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Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma or Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wish, traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney, is recorded in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It is a succulent stem of the genus Cistanche in the family Lewandaceae, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. Cistanche deserticola and Tubular Cistanche deserticola have extremely high medicinal value. They enter the kidney and large intestine meridians. The Compendium of Materia Medica records that Cistanche deserticola "is a nourishing but not severe substance, so it is called Cistanche deserticola" and "it is warm but can moisten, replenish but not dry, smooth but not diarrhea". 

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It has the effects of tonifying kidney yang, benefiting essence and blood, moistening the intestines, and defecating. Traditionally, it is used for kidney yang deficiency, deficiency of essence and blood, impotence, infertility, soreness of the waist and knees, weakness of muscles and bones, and constipation due to intestinal dryness, It is the most frequently used tonifying kidney yang medicine in history. Modern pharmacological research shows that Cistanche deserticola has many effects such as improving sexual function, anti-aging, improving learning and memory ability, anti-Alzheimer's disease, defecation, etc. It is widely used in clinical prescriptions of Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese patent medicines, and simple preparations and health care products .

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The main chemical components of Cistanche deserticola are phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignans, and polysaccharides [6]. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that phenylethanoid glycosides are the most important active substances in Cistanche deserticola, and have obvious anti-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardial ischemia, and other effects .