Review Of Chemical Constituents，Pharmacological Effects And Clinical Applications Of Roucongrong（Cistanches Herba）and Prediction And Analysis Of Its Q-markers
Jan 13, 2023
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Cistanche is the dry fleshy stem with scales of Cistanche deserticola (Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma) and C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, a perennial herbaceous parasitic plant of the family Danaceae. The use of Cistanche as medicine was first recorded in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Cistanche was used as a dietary therapy to invigorate deficiency. The main chemical components of Cistanche deserticola are phenylethanol glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignans and their glycosides, polysaccharides, etc. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has anti-aging, liver protection, relieve physical fatigue, anti-bone It has a variety of biological activities such as mass loosening, laxative and laxative[2]. This article summarizes the chemical components and pharmacological effects of Cistanche, based on the concept of quality markers (Q-marker), predicts and analyzes Cistanche from the aspects of affinity and specificity, traditional medicinal effects, new medicinal effects, traditional medicinal properties, metabolic transformation, and measurability. The quality marker evaluation index provides a scientific basis for accurately controlling the internal quality of Cistanche deserticola.
1 chemical composition
1.1 Phenylethyl Glycosides
Phenylethanol glycosides are one of the main components of Cistanche Herba, which have various pharmacological activities. Its structure is: the inner sugar is directly connected with glucose and aglycone. Su Ya et al [3] isolated and identified verbascoside from Cistanche deserticola, and determined its optimal purification process. Li Ruiyan et al. [4] used the method of one test and multiple evaluations to accurately determine the contents of echinacoside, vasculoside A, acteoside, isoacteoside and 2'-acetyl verbascoside from Cistanche deserticola. Gao Yan et al. [5] detected echinacoside, cistancheside A, verbascoside, vasculoside A, isobracoside, 2'-acetyl verbascoside and vasculoside B. Xu Shanshan et al [6] determined the content of echinacoside from the water extract of Cistanche deserticola, and established an accurate, stable and reproducible content determination method. Yan Yu[7] used RPLC-HILIC MS/MS to discover seven phenylethanols of echinacoside, verbascoside, isobracoside, cistancheside A, peculoside A, 2'-acetyl verbascoside and salidroside Glycoside components. [8] isolated 4 cis-phenylethanol glycosides from Cistanche deserticola, namely, cis-cistancheside B, cis-cistancheside K, cis-cistancheside J, and cis-isocistancheside C. Baoshan et al[9] used HPLC to simultaneously and accurately determine the contents of echinacoside and ergosteroside, the main active ingredients in Cistanche deserticola.
1.2 Iridoids and their glycosides
Iridoids are a special class of monoterpenes, which are mostly combined with sugars to form iridoid glycosides. methyl or oxidation state. Zhang Jie et al[10] isolated iridoid glycosides 8-epideoxyloganic acid (8-epideoxyloganic acid); Yan Yu[7] used RPLC-HILIC MS/MS to find that 6-deoxycatalpol, 8 - 3 iridoid glycosides, epistrychnic acid and glucoside. Li Li et al [11] used HPLC to establish an accurate analytical method for the determination of geniposide content.
1.3 Lignans and their glycosides
Zhang Jie et al [10] isolated the lignan glycoside syringaresinol glucoside [(+)-syringaresinol O-β-D-glucopyranoside]; Yan Yu [7] used RPLC-HILIC-MS/MS to discover alaxanoside A and pinoresin monomethyl ether glycosides are two lignan components.
1.4 Sugars
Wang Xintong et al[12] determined by gas chromatography that the polysaccharides of Cistanche deserticola mainly consist of mannose, glucose and galactose with a molar ratio of 2.01:5.72:2. [13] used HPLC-ELSD to accurately measure the contents of mannitol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Yan Yu[7] used RPLC-HILIC-MS/MS to discover two sugar components, sucrose and mannitol.
1.5 Others
Cistanche also contains many other components, such as alkaloids such as betaine [13], organic acids such as niacin, succinic acid and ferulic acid, nucleosides such as guanosine, inosine, uridine and adenosine, phenylpropanoids, etc. Amino acids such as amino acids [7].
2 Pharmacological effects
2.1 Liver protection
Ma Xiaoting et al[14] showed that the total glycosides of cistanche phenylethanol in the concentration range of 0.46-117.79 mg/L can reduce the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protease (p-p38) protein, and with the increase of drug concentration High, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type Ⅰ collagen, and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) mRNA levels were significantly decreased, and the effects on platelet-derived growth factor (rrPDGF-BB)-induced rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC) proliferation plays an inhibitory role, thereby producing an anti-hepatic fibrosis effect. Ma Xiaoting et al. [15] showed that Cistanche cistanche phenylethanol total glycosides liposomes can down-regulate the expression of α-SMA, type I collagenase (collagen I), and type III collagenase (collagen III) mRNA levels, and reduce the phosphorylation of amino-terminal protein kinase. (p-JNK) protein expression, inhibits the proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) and induces its apoptosis, and infers that its effect may be related to anti-hepatic fibrosis. Hu Qiong et al[16] showed that phenylethanol glycosides of Cistanche deserticola can increase serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) content, reduce alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) content, thereby reducing the H22 burden of liver cancer. Liver injury in tumor-bearing mice and inhibition of tumor growth. [17] found that Cistanche deserticola phenylethanol glycosides (CPhGs) and its monomer verbascoside and pine
The inhibition rate of fructiflorin on the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells is proportional to the concentration, and it can increase the protein expression of rabbit anti-human monoclonal antibody (Bax) in HSC-T6 cells, and reduce the expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2-related protein (Bcl The expression of -2) proves that they have the effect of anti-hepatic fibrosis, and the effect is: verbascoside>CPhGs>echinacoside. GUO Y et al [18] found that the polysaccharide (CDP-C) isolated from Cistanche deserticola in vitro studies showed that CDP-C promoted the activity of HepG2 cells, and in vivo studies CDP-C improved alcohol-induced changes, including serological indicators [alanine aminotransferase, acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and triglycerides (TG)] and liver markers [superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione
S-transferase] and TG, and alleviated the obvious microvesicular steatosis and mild necrosis in the liver, and reduced the content of MDA and TG, indicating that CDP-C has hepatoprotective activity against alcohol-induced chronic liver injury. YOU S P et al[19] showed that the phenylethanols of Cistanche deserticola did not affect the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased the mRNA level and protein expression of Smad7 in the Smad family (signaling receptors), and decreased the levels of Smad2, p-Smad2, The mRNA levels of Smad3 and p-Smad3 prevent the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and liver fibrosis. It can be concluded that the phenylethanol glycosides of Cistanche deserticola are the effective material basis for anti-hepatic fibrosis, and verbascoside and echinacoside are the main active ingredients.
