Effect Of Ethanolic Extract Of Cayratia Trifolia On Histologically Kidney Mouse Model
Mar 15, 2022
Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com
Djoko Santoso1*, I Ketut Sudiana2, Anny Setijo Rahayu3 and Muchammad Yunus4
1Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
2, 3Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
4Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
*Corresponding author email: djoko-santoso@fk.unair.ac.id
Abstract.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Cistanche extract on histological mouse kidney models. A total of 12 adult male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups, comprising six mice in each group. The first group of 6 mice was provided as the control group and received 25 ml/kg BW orally sodium carboxymethylcellulose for 6 days. In the second group, 6 mice were administered 50 mg/kg BW of Cistanche extract in sodium carboxymethylcellulose orally for 6 days. In the present study, we have performed histological kidney mice evaluation after 6 days of Cistanche extract administration. The histological mice kidney was quantified in terms of tubular epithelium, glomerular, and focal mononuclear infiltrate. The effect of administration of Cistanche extract on the histological kidney of mice appeared normal tubular morphology in cortical and medullary regions of kidney in administered Cistanche extract mice, there was no kidney change histologically showed normal architecture of the glomerulus and tubules, while in control mice group, kidney histologically first marked with mononuclear cell infiltration, tubular necrosis, glomerular congestion, and hyaline casts. The study results exhibit relatively sufficient histopathological changes in the corticomedullary junction of mice kidneys, including tubular epithelial damage, tubular dilatation, and intratubular cast formation.
Keywords: Balb/c mice, Cistanche extract, kidney
Ethanolic Extract of Cistanche on Histologically Kidney
1. Introduction
Several natural substances are possessed medicinal plants, one of those medicinal plants is Cistanche. A large number of compounds contained in Cistanche plants include bioactive compounds such as yellow wax oil, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins [1]. Phenols, flavonoids, and tannins are gaining attention because they have natural qualities in preventing disease, promoting health, and anti-aging substances as natural antioxidants [2]. Antioxidants can function to reduce oxidative damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species under conditions of oxidative stress in humans [3]. Several parts of Cistanche such as stems, leaves, and roots are reported to have hydrocyanic acid and delphinidin. Leaves of Cistanche have been reported to contain several flavonoids such as cyanide [1]. Kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, triterpenes, and epifriedelanol are contained the aerial parts of the plant; the seeds and fruits contain cyanogenic compounds; and the leaves also contain stilbenes such as piceid, resveratrol, vinifera, and ampelopsin [4].
Patients with diabetes in order to check sugar levels of blood traditionally can be given an infusion of seeds along with extract of tubers orally. In several cases such as diuretics, tumors, neuralgia and plexopathy can be medicated to used the whole plant [5]. The presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in the extract of Cistanche can be used for good free radicals scavenging activity. Antioxidants that contained the extract of Cistanche exhibits a good free radical scavenging activity [6]. Many of the properties of this plant have been reported in previous studies such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, hypoglycemic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties. This study aims to know the indirect effect of antioxidants and anti-free radical scavenging activity of the Cistanche extract by inducing sodium carboxymethylcellulose that can influence histologically kidney features in a mouse model.
2. Materials and Methods
A total of 12 adult male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups, comprising six mice in each group. The first group of 6 mice was provided as the control group and received 25 ml/kg BW orally sodium carboxymethylcellulose for 6 days. In the second group, 6 mice were administered 50 mg/kg BW of Cistanche extract in sodium carboxymethylcellulose orally for 6 days. In the present study, we have performed histological kidney mice evaluation after 6 days ofCistanche extract administration. The histological kidney mice were quantified in terms of tubular epithelium, glomerular, and focal mononuclear infiltrate.
3. Results and Discussion
In the Cistanche extract administration mice group (Group 2), relatively well morphology of tubular appeared in cortical and medullary regions of kidney in that mice group, there was no kidney injury histologically with the normal architecture of the glomerulus and tubules. While in sodium carboxymethylcellulose administration mice group (without Cistanche extract, Group 1) kidney injury histologically first marked with mononuclear cell infiltration, tubular necrosis, glomerular congestion, and hyaline casts in the lumen of tubular (Table 1 and Figure 1).
Table 1. Scoring of the histological features of the mice kidney tissue sections in the effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cistanche and sodium carboxymethylcellulose induced nephrotoxicity
The use of pro-inflammatory agents is single as well as multiple often generate impact, one of which is nephrotoxicity. Various responses of the use of that agent are important to know including frequency of administration, the dosage and cumulative dose of agent, response of animals are different severity can occur acute (early) and chronic (advanced) kidney injury [7]. It appears that the use of carboxymethylcellulose can trigger increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and proteolytic enzymes.
Previous studies of chronic wound environments demonstrated ongoing inflammation with matrix degradation and other accompanying sequelae [8]. Some conditions including serious side effects such as the risk of kidney failure, gastrointestinal damage, and prolonged bleeding time due to impaired coagulation often result from the use of pro-inflammatory agents. [9]. For this reason, nonpharmacological strategies and topical agents to achieve optimal to reduce stimulation of
inflammation. Administration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose resulted in histopathological changes at the corticomedullary junction of the mouse kidneys, including tubular epithelial damage, tubular dilatation, and formation of casts in the tubular lumen (Figure 1).
Nephropathy in rodents is histologically characterized by degenerative changes in the proximal tubule consisting of hydropic degeneration, pycnotic nuclei, increased cytoplasmic vesicles, cytoplasmic vacuolization, loss of brush border, necrosis and apoptosis of tubular cells, and desquamation of necrotic epithelial cells of tubular lumens and forming hyaline casts. [10]. The effect of the use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose occurs through increased oxidative stress, tubulointerstitial inflammation, and apoptosis. The results of the present study indicated that sodium carboxymethylcellulose may induce free radical production that could cause tubular damage due to sodium carboxymethylcellulose intoxicated animals, which was resulted through the increase of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidneys [11]. One of the most commonly used strategies is saline hydration and forced diuresis. Despite saline hydration and forced diuresis, nephrotoxicity is in the range of 20–30% [12].
4. Conclusion
Cistanche extract supplementation may reduce sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-induced nephrotoxicity. The study results demonstrated relatively sufficient histopathological changes in the corticomedullary junction of the mice kidney, including damage to the tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation, and formation of an intratubular cast. We suggest that the Cistanche extract modulates oxidative stress in the kidney.
Acknowledgment
This study was funded by the Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, Excellence Research Grant of Higher Education for a research contract number: 560/UN3.14/PT/2020.
Ethanolic Extract of Cistanche on Histologically Kidney
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