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Lipoamide Alleviates Oxidized Fish Oil-Induced Host Inflammatory Response And Oxidative Damage in The Oviduct Of Laying Hens Part 2

Jul 28, 2023

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It is well known that the immune system is a multifaceted and complex network that protects the host from aggression. An inflammatory response is an essential component of the innate immune system response to various challenges (39). Furthermore, the inflammatory response is one of the direct responses induced by oxidative stress (40, 41). Increasing evidence has proposed that continuous oxidative stress leads to chronic inflammation, which is one of the main causes of chronic diseases (42). A study found that as a coenzyme of mitochondria, LA can alleviate the loss of mitochondrial function due to aging and reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the ovary and oviduct (43), thus improving the reproductive pathway. Zhou et al. (44) found that the addition of antioxidants improved performance probably by enhancing the immunity and attenuating inflammation of laying hens. Here in this study, it was found that OFO induced an increase in serum inflammatory factors, and the dietary addition of LAM significantly increased immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) levels and reduced the inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ). As a derivative of LA, these results suggested that LAM may also improve egg production performance by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

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Moreover, several studies found that egg-laying rates in the late egg-laying period have a positive correlation with serum estrogen levels (1, 45). Li et al. (46) found that egg production performance was improved by dietary supplements with soya saponin via increasing serum estrogen levels. It is concluded that the addition of antioxidants to the diet can improve egg production to some extent by improving estrogen secretion. Recent studies have reported that LA can improve estrogen secretion in rats caused by ovarian menopause (47) and oxidative damage (48). In the present study, LAM supplementation for old laying hens increased the levels of E2 and P in the serum significantly. Both E2 and P are the main estrogens produced by the ovaries, which promote the development of the reproductive system and enhance fertility in humans and animals. Therefore, it seems plausible that LAM might also improve egg production rate by increasing the secretion of E2 and P.

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The amount of estrogen secretion is related to follicle development and maturation. Besides, it is well known that the egg-laying rate of hens depends mainly on the follicle formation and ovulation process (31), the number of follicles often represents egg production. In a comparative transcriptomic analysis of duck ovaries with different egg-laying rates, 25  differential genes associated with follicle development were identified. These differential genes were involved in multiple estrogen-related signaling pathways (49). Oxidative stress is considered to be a major factor in follicle development. Oxidative stress could trigger the apoptosis of most germ cells and even follicles in the ovary, and its presence in the follicular fluid decreases follicle quality and reduces reproductive outcomes. On the other hand, antioxidants reduced the levels of ROS and prevented oxidative stress-mediated germ cell apoptosis, thus reducing follicular depletion (50). Several in vitro experiments have found that certain concentrations of LA can promote the development and maturation of the preantral follicle, such as mouse and equine (51, 52). Our finding indicated that the OFO  reduced the number of dominant follicles, while the addition of LAM to the diet alleviated the adverse effect of OFO on follicles. Therefore, LAM could resist the effects of oxidative stress on follicles and improve egg production.

In summary, this study provided evidence that OFO induces inflammation and oxidative damage to the oviduct in laying hens, thereby adversely affecting egg production performance. While the addition of LAM to the diet enhanced the egg-laying rate of hens during the late laying period by increasing the oviduct antioxidant capacity, serum immunity, estrogen levels and antioxidant capacity, and several dominant follicles. Based on our work, we can surmise that LAM may be useful as a potential candidate against oxidative injury and a promising agent for improving the utilization of old laying hens.

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DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

ETHICS STATEMENT 

All animal protocols used in this study were approved and carried out according to the guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China Agricultural University (Beijing, China; No. AW71202202-1-1).

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

QL, WL, JiatZ, LZ, CJ, JianZ, and QM designed the study. QL, WL, JiatZ, LZ, CJ, JianZ, SH, and QM conducted the experiments and draft the manuscript. QL, SH, and QM  polished the manuscript and finished the submission. QL, WL, JianZ, CJ, and QM guided the analysis of the experimental data. QL, SH, CJ, and QM helped with revisiting and reviewing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

FUNDING 

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31772621), a Special Fund for the China Agricultural Research System Program (Grant No. CARS-40-K08), and the Special Fund from the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (Grant No. 2018TC043).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank all technicians in the experimental animal facility of China Agricultural University for providing daily care of laying hens.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online.

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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a  potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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