What Are The Chemical Components And Functions Of Cistanche
Mar 19, 2022
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Abstract: Cistanche is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains a variety of chemical components and has a tonic effect, and in recent years, studies have found that it has a wide range of pharmacological effects, mainly used for neuroprotection, immunomodulation, anti-aging, anti-osteoporosis, liver protection, and liver protection. In this paper, by reviewing the research status of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of cistanche, and on this basis, based on the concept of quality markers of traditional Chinese medicine (Q-Marker), the Q-Marker of cistanche is predicted and analyzed from the aspects of biogenesis pathway, traditional efficacy, and different compatibilities, etc., and it is speculated that the trichophyllosin, isoprenoid glycosides, echinosin and other phenethyl glycosides in cistanche, polysaccharides such as mannitol, cycloen ether terpenes such as 6-deoxyzidol and kidnapping lyside, (+)- Lignans such as eugenol-O-β-D-glucoside and organic acids such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, valine, leucine, lysine, and other amino acid components can be used as their quality markers to provide a certain reference for their quality evaluation.
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Cistanche Y.C. Ma or tube flower cistanche C. Tubulosa (Schenk) Wight's dried, scaly, fervently fleshy stems[1], Originally published in the "Shennong Materia Medica", listed as the top product, and then the classical "Materia Medica Sutra", "Materia Medica", "Yuehuazi Materia Medica" and many other records, is China's traditional precious Chinese medicine, known as "desert ginseng" reputation.
Cistanche is sweet, salty, warm, belongs to the kidneys, the two meridians of the large intestine, has the effect of tonifying kidney yang, improving sperm and blood, moisturizing the intestines and laxatives, and is used to treat kidney yang deficiency, sperm deficiency, impotence and infertility, waist and knee soreness, muscle and bone weakness, dry bowel and constipation [1]. Cistanche is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia (Azuoqi), Gansu (Changma), and other places [2]. Cistanche mainly contains phenethyl alcohol glycosides, cycloen ether terpenes, lignans, sugars, and other chemical components, with neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-liver damage, laxative and other pharmacological effects, widely used in traditional Chinese medicine clinics, has a good prospect for development. In this paper, the research progress of cistanche chemical composition and pharmacological effects are reviewed and based on the basic requirements of Chinese medicine quality marker (Q-Marker), the Q-Marker of cistanche is predicted, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the quality evaluation and quality control of cistanche.
1. Chemical composition
Cistanche contains a variety of chemical components, mainly phenethyl glycosides, cycloen ether terpenes, lignans, and their glycosides, sugars, and other chemical components, in addition, it also contains benzyl alcohol glycosides, monoterpenes, alkaloids, volatile oils, amino acids, inorganic trace elements and other components [3-4].
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1.1 Phenethyl alcohol glycosides
At present, Song Qingqing [5] has been separated by mass spectrometry to obtain more than 70 compounds of this type, including 4 monosaccharides, 41 disaccharides, and 25 trisaccharides, including Rhodiola seaside, cistanche C, cistanche C, cistanchein C, cistanchein D, mullein glucoside, isocyanic, terpene glycosides, eucalyptus and 2'-acetyl foundation lithosides, etc.; MCI, ODS, and semi-preparation of high-performance liquid chromatography were separated from the 85% ethanol extract of the dried fleshy stem of the desert cistanche in the tower to obtain cis-tube anthocyanin B, cis-carnisolin K, cis-carnisol J, cis-cis-garcinol cistanche glycoside C; Zhang Kaimei[7] using positive and reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography technology, three phenethyl alcohol glycoside compounds were isolated from cistanche total glycosides: heterophyllous cousin, tube anthocyanin B, leaf cohohedin; Zhang Jie et al.[8] using silica gel column chromatography, Liquid chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 and other methods were separated and identified, and phenethyl alcohol glycoside compound tube anthocyanin A, etc., and Wang Liwei et al. [9] were separated and purified by reversed-phase silicone chromatography, gel chromatography, HPLC preparation and other separation and purification techniques, and 2'-acetyl mullein glycosides, cistanchein A, osmanthuside B, etc. were isolated. The phenethyl alcohol glycoside compounds in cistanche are shown in Table 1, and the main component parent nucleus chemical structure is shown in Figure 1.
2. Pharmacological effect
2.1 Neuroprotective effects
Liu Mingchuan et al. [14] using biological enzymes to extract cistanche, first using a one-factor test to optimize the process conditions, coiled membrane purification and freeze-drying of the extract to obtain cistanche extract, and then do antioxidant activity test, and finally using zebrafish in vivo experiments, according to the statistical analysis results of the fluorescence intensity of apoptotic cells to evaluate the protective effect of cistanche extract on the central nervous system of zebrafish; Wang et al. [15] Through research, cistanche total glycosides can be used by nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2)/ Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 (Keep-1) pathway induced neurovascular regeneration in MCAO/R rats to promote the recovery of nerve function; Huang Et al. [16] used a random number method to group 198 patients with vascular dementia, and the two groups were treated with cerebral rehabilitation therapy and cistanche total glycosides after the basic treatment, respectively, and after the end, the treatment effects of the two groups were compared. Cognitive function and serum p-tau protein expression level yielded that cistanche total glycosides can effectively improve the cognitive function of patients with vascular dementia, which is conducive to shortening the length of hospital stay and improving daily living ability; Ju Bowei et al. [17] by randomly grouping 60 6-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic AD model mice, respectively, were given distilled water, donepezil, cistanche phenethyl alcohol total glycosides, cistanche mullein glucoside for 3 months, At 9 months of age, the behavior changes of mice were detected by Morris water maze method, the hippocampal lesions of the mouse brain were observed by HE staining, and the expression of hippocampal Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 proteins was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western-blot method, and the experimental results found that cistanche phenethyl alcohol glycoside could significantly reduce the damage of hippocampal neurons in the brain of mice, improve the learning and memory ability of mice, reduce the number of Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 positive cells, and downregulate protein expression Wang Jingkang et al. [18] By subculturing PC12 cells by subculture, then constructing a damage model, and then using MTT method to detect cell survival and perform various staining analysis and Western blotting analysis, the cistanche alcohol extract of pipe flower had a good protective effect on PC12 nerve cell damage caused by hypoxia/sugar deficiency reperfusion. Zeng Kewu et al. [19] constructed a model of middle cerebral artery blockade in rats by wire thrombosis method, detected the superoxide dismutase expression level in rat brains by immunohistochemistry, used agarose solid-phase microspheres with surface bonded cistanche phenethylethanol glycoside chemical components to enrich the phenethyl alcohol glycoside target population, captured the relevant brain protection target proteins, and identified it with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the experiment showed that cistanche phenethyl alcohol glycoside could effectively improve rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Friends of health for all Thank you for your interest! Provide everyone with the most comprehensive health culture information every day 9 original pieces of content Official account.
2.2 Immune effects
Cistanche polysaccharide is the material basis of cistanche exerting an immunomodulatory effect, which can promote the proliferation of lymphocytes, improve the body's immune function, activate immune cells, and significantly improve the phagocytosis and secretion function of macrophages, thereby activating macrophages and playing a role in regulating immune activity[10], Wang Xiangyan [20] By detecting mouse splenoid lymphocytes and measuring the phagocytic activity of mouse abdominal macrophages, it is shown that cistanche polysaccharides can significantly improve macrophage activity and promote lymphocyte proliferation. It is concluded that cistanche polysaccharide is the main material basis for the immune regulation of cistanche. Phenethyl alcohol glycoside extract in cistanche can also regulate immunity, Luo Ziyan et al. [21] through mouse animal experiments proved that tube flower cistanche phenethyl alcohol glycoside extract can induce induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression to stimulate macrophage synthesis OF NO, but also stimulate macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), activating the immunomodulatory function of macrophages, angelica extract, Astragalus extract can enhance the effect of phenethyl alcohol glycoside extract to activate macrophages, and the combination of angelica extract, astragalus extract, and phenethyl glycoside extract can enhance immunity by regulating normal mouse cell immunity, mononuclear-macrophage function.
2.3 Anti-aging
2.3.1 Antioxidant
Elladan Mai Mai Ti Et al. [22] On the basis of univariate experiments, the extraction process of polysaccharides in cistanche residue was optimized by orthogonal experiments, and preliminary studies were conducted on their antioxidant activities in vitro, and the results showed that cistanche polysaccharides had high antioxidant activity, which had scavenging ability for DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals, and had the strong reducing ability to copper ions; Yang Ting[23] et al. used water-extract alcohol sedimentation to extract the polysaccharide components in cistanche slag. The content determination was carried out by anthracite sulfuric acid method, and the antioxidant activity of polysaccharide components in cistanche slag was studied with 3 antioxidant models, and it was concluded that the polysaccharide extract in cistanche residue contained α-polysaccharide, which was high in content and had antioxidant activity.
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2.3.2 Anti-fatigue
Luan Zhaoxia[24] by first preparing polyphenol extracts, and then through resin pretreatment, static adsorption, and elution tests to select the appropriate resin model, and through dynamic adsorption and elution experiments to obtain the best purification process conditions, the test results show that high, medium and low doses of cistanche polyphenol purification products can significantly prolong the swimming time of mice, significantly increase the content of liver glycogen and myosaccharogen in vivo, improve the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, and effectively inhibit the level of lactate production, strengthening the body's endurance. Yan Cuimin et al. [25] randomly divided 160 male mice into 4 groups, and compared the low, medium and high dose groups with the negative control group after administration, the compound cistanche tablets could significantly increase the weight-bearing swimming exhaustion time of mice, delay the production of fatigue, improve the level of liver glycogen, and accelerate the clearance of blood lactate; Yan Lei et al. [26] by comparing the normal control group, the model group, the low-dose group of cistanche polysaccharide and the high-dose group of 4 groups of mice with weight-bearing swimming time, lactic acid (LA), Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) level, liver tissue superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase activity, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen content, the results show that cistanche polysaccharide on D-galactose aging mice has an anti-fatigue effect, this effect may be related to reducing serum BUN, LA content, increasing liver glycogen, muscle glycogen content, enhance anti-free radical damage.
3. Conclusion
Cistanche is a traditional Chinese medicine with high clinical medicinal value, containing hundreds of active ingredients, has many pharmacological effects, and has good development value and development prospects. Among them, phenethyl alcohol glycosides are one of the main pharmacologically active ingredients, which have the effects of protecting nerves, antivirals, antioxidants, liver protection and liver protection, etc. Cistanche polysaccharides are also another main active ingredient, mainly regulating immune activity, antioxidant, anti-aging, and other effects.
