Anti-Aging Effectiveness Of Avocado Peel Extract Ointment (Persea Americana Mill.) Against Hydration, Collagen, And Elasticity Levels in Wistar Rat Part 2
Jul 14, 2023
3.4 Evaluation of Anti-Aging Activity
In the evaluation of the anti-aging activity of the avocado peel methanol extract ointment, it was assessed through 3 parameters including hydration, collagen, and elasticity.
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3.4.1 Hydration
The level of skin hydration in all groups of rats can be seen in Table 4.
From the Table 4 data below, it can be seen that the level of skin hydration of all treatment groups at the beginning of the study was uniform, this can be seen from the P-value > 0.05 (P-value = 0.559). After 4 weeks of treatment, there was a significant change in the level of skin hydration in all treatment groups, this can be seen from the P-value < 0.05. After 4 weeks of treatment, the group of rats that received the highest concentration of ointment showed the highest average level of skin hydration, which was 49.60%, followed by a lower concentration of 7.5% (46.20%), 5% (38.60%), and 2.5%. (38.00%). Changes in the level of skin hydration before and after treatment were described by the percentage change in skin hydration which also showed significant changes (P-value < 0.05) with the highest change found at a concentration of 10%, namely 88.40% and the lowest in the control group, namely 43.34%.
3.4.2 Collagen
The description of skin collagen levels in all groups of rats can be seen in Table 5.
From the table data above, it can be seen that the level of skin collagen from all treatment groups at the beginning of the study was uniform, this can be seen from the P-value > 0.05 (P-value = 0.913). After 4 weeks of treatment, there was a significant change in skin collagen in all treatment groups, this can be seen from the P-value < 0.05. After 4 weeks of treatment, the group of rats that received the highest concentration of ointment showed the highest average skin collagen level of 40.20%, followed by a lower concentration of 7.5% (38.40%), 5% (36.40%), and 2.5% (34.40%). Changes in the level of skin collagen before and after treatment were described by the percentage of changes in skin collagen which also showed significant changes (P-value = 0.001) with the highest change found at a concentration of 10%, namely 60.00% and the lowest in the dick group, namely 25.00%.
3.4.3 Elasticity
The description of skin elasticity levels in all groups of rats can be seen in Table 6.
From the Table 6 data below, it can be seen that the level of skin elasticity of all treatment groups at the beginning of the study was uniform, this can be seen from the P-value > 0.05 (P-value = 0.900). After 4 weeks of treatment, there was a significant change in skin elasticity in all treatment groups, this can be seen from the Pvalue < 0.05. After 4 weeks of treatment, the group of rats that received the highest concentration of ointment showed the highest average skin elasticity level of 68.20%, followed by a lower concentration of 7.5% (61.20%), 5% (58.40%), and 2.5%. (57.00%). Changes in the level of skin elasticity before and after treatment were described by the percentage change in skin elasticity which also showed a significant change (P-value < 0.05) with the highest change found at a concentration of 10%, namely 44.63% and the lowest in the control group, namely 8.33%.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of this study indicate that the methanol extract of avocado peel contains phytochemicals in the form of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides. Then the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content of the avocado peel methanol extract was 59.55 GAE mg/gram extract, 2.96 QE mg/gram extract, and 22.63 TAE mg/gram extract. The results of this study are in line with the research of Kamaraj et al. [29], namely, avocado peel extract contains phytochemicals in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and glycosides. Then according to Rochma [30], avocado peel extract contains phytochemicals in the form of flavonoids and alkaloids. In addition, according to the phytochemical test in Putri's research [31], avocado peel extract contains alkaloids and flavonoids. Fauziah et al. [32] also researched avocado peel and obtained the results of avocado peel extract containing phytochemical tannins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Ernawati & Sari [33] also researched avocado peel extract and obtained phytochemical content from the avocado peel, namely saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. According to research by Aminah et al. [7], the total flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract of avocado peel is 4,0122 mg QE/gram extract. According to research by Vinha et al. [34], avocado peel from Alvarian contains a total phenol content of 679.0 GAE mg/100-gram extract and a total flavonoid of 44.3 QE mg/100-gram extract.
This study stated that there was an increase in hydration, collagen, and elasticity levels after treatment by applying avocado peel extract ointment. According to various studies, the avocado peel contains various phytochemicals that can act as anti-aging agents. According to research by Vinha et al. [34], the avocado peel contains phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E. According to research by Kim et al. [35], phenolic compounds can increase collagen synthesis by accelerating the formation of fibrils. According to research by Leheta et al. [36], deep peeling using phenol is effective for treating post-acne atrophic scars. Collagen is the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix, a protein that determines skin physiology by maintaining skin structure and enabling its various functions. The extracellular matrix retains water and supports smooth and firm skin. Oral administration of collagen supplements can also improve skin hydration, elasticity, and smoothness [37].
This study is on the theory that polyphenols increase the proliferation and production of collagen in fibroblasts. To minimize the formation of wrinkles, stimulation of collagen synthesis as well as renewal of damaged collagen fibers is essential. Restoration can be achieved due to MMP inhibition which modulates the expression and production of matrix metalloproteinases via activation of AP-1 and NF-B. Tyrosine which is also one of the phenolic compounds can suppress the synthesis of melanin. Phenols and flavonoids have a structure similar to tyrosine, therefore phenols and flavonoids can also act as inhibitors of substrate analogs against melanogenesis [38]. This study is on the theory of Anggraini et al. [39], that the flavonoid, phenol, and terpenoid components inhibit the production of elastase, an enzyme that degrades elastin so that skin elasticity is maintained.
This study also agrees with the theory that vitamin E (α-tocopherol) used as a component of skin products has anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects in concentrations between 2 and 20%. It works by smoothing the skin and increasing the ability of the stratum corneum to retain moisture, accelerating epithelialization, and contributing to skin protection [40]. Moisturizing agents can be categorized into several groups, namely occlusive moisturizers, humectants, and intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum (SC). Occlusive and humectant ingredients are the most formulated ingredients in moisturizing product components because they have a mixture of fats that can restore skin moisture. The mechanism of the moisturizer to hydrate the skin is to reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and attract water to hydrate the SC and epidermis. Some materials that can reduce the occurrence of occlusive TEWL include petroleum, paraffin, dimethicone, Cyclomethicone, and mineral oil [41].
The results of this study are in line with the research of Silitonga [42], where avocado peel extract in a peel-off gel mask preparation affects the anti-aging effect with the highest concentration showing an increase of 7.5% where at this concentration it shows an increase in skin condition for the better, including increased skin hydration levels, smoother skin, smaller pores, reduced number of blemishes and the most significant reduction in the number of wrinkles during four weeks of treatment. Efriana's research [43] also states that avocado peel extract made in sheet mask preparations can also increase skin hydration. According to Fabitiary's research [44], the use of avocado peel masks can increase skin moisture.
5. CONCLUSION
This study indicates the administration of avocado peel extract ointment increased the average hydration, collagen, and elasticity level compared to the control group, positively correlated with the increase of the duration and the quantity of avocado peel extract ointment given. The best formulation that gives the most significant effect is 10% avocado peel extract ointment by increasing levels of hydration, collagen, and elasticity the most significantly.
CONSENT
It is not applicable
ETHICAL APPROVAL
All experiments have been approved by Health Research Ethics Committee from Universitas Prima Indonesia with registration no. 007/KEPK/UNPRI/XI/2021.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thanked the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia for supporting this research, and also thanked all those who have helped to complete this research.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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