Application Of Cistanche in Functional Food in China-Does Cistanche Increase Dopamine?
Sep 21, 2022
3 Safety evaluation of Cistanche deserticola
3.1 Safety study of Cistanche deserticola and its extracts
Huang Zongxiu et al[9] evaluated the edible safety of Cistanche, and the results showed that the acute oral maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Cistanche was greater than 20 g/kg, and it was judged as a non-toxic product according to the acute toxicity grading evaluation standard; The genotoxicity test results of Ames, sperm deformity in mice and bone marrow cell micronucleus were all negative, with no mutagenic effect. See obvious adverse reactions. Bai Guohui et al[10] conducted an acute toxicity and 90-day feeding test on Cistanche deserticola, and the results also showed that the MTD of the acute toxicity test was >15000 mg/kg, which was a non-toxic grade. Lin Jian et al. [11] also observed the effects of different doses of Cistanche deserticola on SD pregnant mice. The results showed that compared with the negative control group, the maximum dose of Cistanche deserticola 3.33 g/kg BW had significant effects on the physiological indicators, embryo formation and fetal growth and development of pregnant mice. There were no significant effects on the indicators, and no toxic reactions were found.
In addition, the granules and allantoin extracts of Cistanche deserticola are mainly made of Cistanche stannate extract, and the results of toxicological safety evaluation show that there is no acute toxicity, genotoxicity and subacute toxicity reaction [12-14]. The above results all indicated that the dosage of Cistanche deserticola and its extracts or preparations were safe and non-toxic substances within a certain range.
3.2 Study on the safety of Cistanche Tubulosa and its extracts
The results of a safety evaluation of Cistanche tubulosa extract showed that its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in the acute oral toxicity test was greater than 10 g/kg BW, and it was judged to be non-toxic according to the evaluation criteria
Articles; its Ames, bone marrow micronucleus and sperm deformity test results show that the substance has no mutagenic effect; at the same time, the teratogenicity test results are negative, indicating that it has no teratogenic effect [15]. In addition, some scholars have conducted acute toxicity, three genotoxicity, and 90-day feeding tests on the extract of Cistanche obtained by simply crushing, extracting, concentrating, drying and other steps. All rats showed no signs of poisoning and target organ toxicity. Pathological changes, Cistanche extract had no significant effect on the biochemical, blood routine and other indicators of animals [16].
Jiang Zhongren et al [17] test showed that the subchronic toxicity test results of 75% ethanol extract of Cistanche showed no toxicity. Zhang Ya'an et al. [18] showed that the compound tablet made of Cistanche pipiensis combined with Epimedium, taurine and zinc gluconate was judged to be safe and non-toxic after toxicological safety evaluation. All the above results indicated that Cistanche deserticola and its extracts were safe and non-toxic substances at effective doses.
Health food is a special food that can be eaten for a long time. When applying for relevant health food, it is necessary to pay attention to the product safety of each raw material and formula after compatibility. Combined with literature research and necessary animal tests, it can be confirmed that the formula compatibility and raw materials are safe to eat. Carry out research related to health functions. To sum up, it is safe to use Cistanche deserticola and its extracts, and Cistanche and its extracts in the amount limited by regulations, so they can be used as health food raw materials.
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4 Health functions of Cistanche
The bioactive components of Cistanche are mainly phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, and their glycosides, lignans and their glycosides, polysaccharides, etc., which have antioxidant, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-tumor, anti-Bacteria, liver protection, regulation of immunity, improvement of sexual function, regulation of the central nervous system, regulation of endocrine, improvement of memory, prevention of Alzheimer's disease, anti-osteoporosis and promotion of bone formation and other effects [19].
4.1 Relieve physical fatigue of Cistanche
Studies have found that Cistanche and its extracts have the effect of relieving physical fatigue [2,20-21]. For example, Wang Xiaoxin et al. [22] found that the aqueous solution prepared with 100 mg/kg of Cistanche powder can effectively enhance the incubation period of the platform jump test in mice; significantly increase the time of swimming with weight in mice, which can improve learning, memory and anti-fatigue. Cistanche polyphenols can also significantly increase the swimming exhaustion time of mice; increase the levels of liver glucose and muscle glycogen in experimental mice; effectively increase the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and reduce the level of lactic acid, so it has a good effect on relieving physical fatigue [ 20]. Yan Lei et al. [21] found that the polysaccharide of Cistanche deserticola at a dose of 100 mg/kg could significantly increase the weight-bearing swimming time of D-galactose-induced aging mice, reduces serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactic acid (LA) levels in model mice, effectively increases liver and muscle glycogen levels, and increases superoxide dismutase (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in liver tissue of aging model mice. SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX) activity levels, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has a certain anti-fatigue effect on aging mice.
Some scholars have carried out an anti-fatigue animal test evaluation study on the tablets prepared from Cistanche combined with Epimedium, taurine and zinc. The results show that the compound tablet can significantly prolong the weight-bearing swimming time of mice and effectively improve the Blood lactate clearance rate, increase the level of liver glycogen content, has a good effect of relieving physical fatigue [22]. In addition, the capsules prepared with Cistanche deserticola and Tiebang yam can effectively reduce the production of MDA in the liver and skeletal muscle of model mice, and increase the levels of SOD and CAT, which has the function of improving exercise-induced fatigue [23].
4.2 Antioxidant
The antioxidant function is one of the main research and development directions of health care product companies. Cistanche and its active components have antioxidant functions. Xu Hui et al. [24] studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides can significantly reduce the content of MDA and the activity of PLA2, increase the activity of Ga2+-ATPase, the fluidity of liver mitochondrial membrane, improve mitochondrial energy metabolism, and improve respiration. Chain complex I+III, II+III activity, liver mitochondrial antioxidant capacity.
Wu Bo et al. [25] found that the polysaccharides of Cistanche deserticola and the total glucosides of Cistanche deserticola can enhance the anti-lipid peroxidation effect of aging mice, increase the SOD activity in serum and liver, and reduce the content of lipid peroxides, indicating that the polysaccharides of Cistanche deserticola can prevent hypoxia. Lipid peroxidative injury in acute mice, thereby acting as an antioxidant.
4.3 Improve memory
Studies have found that Cistanche can improve memory and prevent Alzheimer's disease [19]. Research by Wang Lu et al. [27] showed that total glucosides of Cistanche deserticola at a dose of 100 mg/kg can improve the learning and cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease model rats. The possible mechanism is to reduce the generation of free radicals and remove excess peroxide. It can improve synaptic plasticity and play a role in improving learning and cognition.
Zhang Jing et al[28] showed that 100 mg/kg.d dose of total glucosides of Cistanche deserticola could significantly increase the number of pyramidal cells and the number of apical dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 area; increase the hippocampal synaptophysin, Protein expression of postsynaptic membrane dense and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, with improved model
The ability of mice to learn cognition.
In addition, some studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has a significant protective effect on nerve cells in subacute aging model mice, and improves the learning and memory ability of model animals. PKA/CREB signaling pathway exerts its function [19].
4.4 Laxatives
Cistanche , slightly warm in nature, sweet and salty in taste, belongs to the kidney and large intestine meridians, and has the effect of moistening the intestines and laxatives. Its extracts total oligosaccharides, total polysaccharides, total saponins and dietary fibers can improve the defecation of constipated rats, among which total oligosaccharides There is the obvious therapeutic effect. In addition, Yang Jianhua et al. [29] found that the extract of Cistanche salina could significantly shorten the first defecation time in constipated mice, and increase the number, quality and bowel movement speed of fecal particles within 6 hours. Traditional Chinese medicine with Cistanche deserticola as the raw material also has a certain laxative effect. In a clinical study, the constipation patients admitted from 2017 to 2018 were treated with the herbal decoction with Cistanche deserticola as the main medicine, and 61 patients were treated. divided into control group (serving
Using domperidone tablets) and the treatment group (taking Cistanche decoction), the results showed that the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group, which has clinical application value for improving constipation [30].
4.5 Other health functions of Cistanche
Cistanche is rich in nutrients and functional components, so it also has other health care functions such as regulating immunity, enhancing bone density, improving liver damage and regulating intestinal flora.
5 Outlook of Cistanche Function
Cistanche has high nutritional value and is rich in phenylethanol glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignans and their glycosides, etc. Looseness and many other health functions.
As the origin of Cistanche cultivation and development, my country has unique advantages for developing it as healthy food and has accumulated many years of scientific research technology and planting experience. At present, the functional development of Cistanche in my country mainly focuses on anti-fatigue, immune regulation, and anti-oxidation.
In the modern research progress, Cistanche has significant effects in helping to improve memory, laxative, and other health care functions. Therefore, it can be combined with the latest research progress and supplemented by experimental verification, and other types of health care functions can be developed. In addition, whether a product can maximize its health care function is mainly related to its planting and picking technology, deep processing technology, etc., so it is very important for the training of relevant technicians and researchers. Enterprises need to strengthen the investment in talent training and technical guidance, increase the deep processing and utilization of the used parts of Cistanche deserticola, the extraction and separation technology of active ingredients, functional research and exploration of the mechanism of action, so as to achieve a high level of industrialization, standardization and standardization. Combined with scientific and technological means and innovative thinking, fully exploit the functional application direction and field of Cistanche, so that it can develop more and more effective new functional health food, and improve its application value and industrial demand.
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