Abstract

Promoting in-depth communication and mutually beneficial collaboration between developing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), modern biomedicine and clinical medicine has become an essential issue for the practice and education of contemporary medicine in China. The evolution of modern life sciences has gone through three developmental stages: the macroscopic world, the microscopic world, and the observable real-world. Rooted in the macroscopic biological framework, TCM has developed its complete theoretical and practical system. In contrast, modern biomedical science has rapidly transcended the microscopic realm and entered the observable real-world within less than a century. The core paradigm of the observable real-world is holovivology, which transforms life sciences into a fully parameterized, digital and digital-twin enabled field centered on the space-time dimension.

While traditional TCM does not embrace modern molecular biology concepts such as "molecule-cell" and "genotype-phenotype", modern TCM research, especially in herbal medicine development, has widely adopted scientific methodologies and experimental systems from biomedicine and pharmacology. Guided by the traditional Chinese philosophical concept of the Five Elements, we categorize modern life science theories into five interconnected streams: Information Stream, Operation Stream, Balance Stream, Compartment Stream and Plasticity Stream. This innovative framework builds an effective bridge for theoretical integration and communication between TCM and modern medicine.

Keywords: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM); observable real-world; holovivology; precision medicine; population-wide genome sequencing project; TCM herb cistanche benefits in molecular biology

 

More and more herbal products are now being marketed with claims based on modern medical benefits.

 

Introduction

As the carrier of China's core worldview, Traditional Chinese Medicine embodies the simple philosophies of ancient Chinese scholars, the pursuit of exploring nature to acquire knowledge, and the holistic philosophy of harmony between humanity and nature. It has fostered generations of distinguished medical practitioners and countless herbal formulas originating from the legendary "Shennong's Hundred Herbs". For thousands of years, TCM has evolved through personalized clinical practice, standing as a cornerstone for China's leading development in global healthcare.

TCM is an integrated discipline. To interpret, innovate and reshape its scientific connotations under modern developmental perspectives, we must connect its theories with contemporary philosophy and science. The new developmental paradigm aims to facilitate in-depth dialogue between TCM, modern biomedicine and clinical medicine, drive joint innovation, and ultimately achieve long-term win-win progress.

TCM and modern biomedicine belong to distinct scientific systems. TCM continuously absorbs novel theories and technologies from biomedicine, while modern biomedicine keeps evolving and updating its research paradigms. Over the past century, life sciences have advanced across three major realms: from the macroscopic to the microscopic, and further to the observable real-world. The observable real-world is underpinned by multi-omics technologies, space-time big data, artificial intelligence (AI) analysis and other cutting-edge platforms, extensively applied in precision medicine and full-life-cycle health management.

As a classic TCM herbal system established on macroscopic theories, TCM now faces substantial challenges amid this cross-scale evolution. To adapt to the era of the observable real-world, we propose a pioneering paradigm - holovivology (derived from holo- for comprehensiveness and vivo- for living organisms). Holovivology empowers life sciences with full-parameter digitization and digital twin capabilities based on space-time dimensions.

Although TCM was not established based on modern genetics or cell biology, it has incorporated theories and methodologies from pharmacology and pharmacodynamics in recent decades. Remarkable achievements have been made in constructing integrated pharmacological research platforms for medicinal herbs, enabling gradual paradigm transformation. Over the past 30 years, global TCM researchers have also advanced the theoretical research and clinical application of TCM body constitution classification (TCMC) to a new sustainable level.

This paper elaborates on the extended research paradigm of holovivology. By adopting the Five Elements philosophy of traditional China, we reorganize the diverse multi-omics research of modern biomedicine into five core streams. We further discuss the integration and mutual penetration between holovivology frameworks and TCM theories and practices, and outline a roadmap for the joint development of TCM and modern life sciences to explore the mysteries of the observable real-world and benefit human health.

 

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1. Biomedicine: Leaping Beyond the Macroscopic and Microscopic Worlds

Cutting-edge biomedical research has achieved explosive progress over the past half-century. The "RNA World" theory in the 1980s updated the simplified Central Dogma proposed in the 1970s. The Human Genome Project launched in the 1990s laid the foundation for various multi-omics disciplines and gave rise to precision medicine. Today, the Human RNAome Project is emerging as the next major scientific initiative, scheduled to be launched alongside the Population-Wide Genome Sequencing Project (known as the All-of-Us Research Program in the U.S., legislated under the 21st Century Cures Act from 2016 to 2026).

Recently, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) issued a report calling for the launch of the Human RNAome Project, a 15-year initiative with a total budget of 30 billion U.S. dollars - 10 times the investment of the original Human Genome Project. Since 2008, research teams across the U.S. and Europe have devoted efforts to direct RNA detection technology. Hundreds of global research groups are currently working to quantify, locate and define the functions of RNA molecules and nearly 170 modified nucleotides in cells of different species. Upon technical maturity, the RNAome Project will become another critical data platform for precision medicine.

The landmark Human Genome Project reshaped the entire research paradigm of life sciences and biomedicine. Following the stagnation of the U.S. War Against Cancer initiative, the scientific community reached a new consensus: targeting cancer simply by identifying oncogenes could not deliver rapid breakthroughs. Instead, full-genome sequencing and in-depth data mining of patients held the key.

This project also drove large-scale, high-throughput and automated research workflows, advancing biomedicine toward digitization and intelligence and fostering new productive forces that aligned with Industry 3.0 and 4.0. Building on high-throughput technology, big data and AI, modern biomedicine has expanded into targeted drugs, point-of-care testing (POCT) and telemedicine, closely integrating with the pharmaceutical industry and social healthcare demands.

Approximately one decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, the roadmap for precision medicine was finalized with two parallel development tracks: large academic research initiatives such as the NIH BRAIN Initiative and Cancer Moonshot, and social engineering projects led by enterprises, represented by the population-wide genome sequencing program supported by the 21st Century Cures Act.

According to the framework of precision medicine, RNAome research will become the core data source for future studies, covering RNA sequences, cellular expression, modified nucleotide sites, 3D structures and related biological functions. The AlphaFold database, which stores 200 million 3D protein structures, has completed most proteome research. Next-stage studies will focus on the quantitative correlation between the concentration of organic and inorganic small molecules and physiological phenomena, as well as the space-time distribution of macromolecular dynamics in the observable real-world. All these explorations rely on single-cell and single-molecule technologies, and future life science research will be fully carried out under the paradigm of the observable real-world and holovivology.

 

2. Holovivology: The Core Research Paradigm of the Observable Real-World & Practical Applications

The observable real-world of life sciences originated from research on cell cycles and biological clocks (including regulatory genes and substances). Its defining feature is the integration of the time axis into the 3D spatial research of living systems, ushering cell biology and molecular biology into the space-time era.

To standardize the open-ended multi-omics research system, unify full space-time data collection and realize the integration of ancient and modern academic knowledge, holovivology has been established. To solve the problems of infinite data divergence and unreliable data quality, we adopt the Five Elements philosophy of traditional Chinese culture and divide the life system of the observable real-world into five interconnected streams: Information Stream, Operation Stream, Balance Stream, Compartment Stream and Plasticity Stream. This framework establishes clear correlations between modern biomedical concepts and TCM theories, as well as the interoperability between biomedical technologies, engineering applications and TCM practices.

Guided by the Five-Stream holovivology framework, researchers can build bridges between TCM and modern medicine in the observable real-world and achieve three core objectives:

First, break down conceptual and technical barriers between the macroscopic and microscopic systems of the two medical disciplines. The holovivology experimental platform aims to realize the "dual single & four determinations" standard: starting from single cells and single molecules, acquire the positioning, quantification, timing and qualification information of biomolecules and their complexes across cells, individuals, populations and ecological groups. Current single-cell space-time transcriptome platforms can already obtain multi-dimensional data such as transcriptomes, epigenetic transcriptomes, DNA methylation and single-cell genome polymorphisms. These technologies play a vital role in tumor diagnosis and treatment, and also support the safety assessment of stem cell differentiation, promoting the large-scale application of stem cell therapy. Meanwhile, TCM needs to engage with cutting-edge biomedical research, launch large-scale scientific projects, and establish correlations between TCM characteristic parameters (e.g., pulse manifestations, body constitution) and modern quantitative indicators through cohort studies and dedicated equipment development.

Second, transform divergent data-driven biomedical research into a logically connected closed-loop system, and define the parallel relationship between the metaphysical ideology of "Tao, Method, Technique, Tool and Trend" and the practical Five-Stream framework. For instance, malignant tumors fall into the research scope of the Compartment Stream: regardless of the tissue origin, tumor lesions stem from internal cellular changes, while viruses and carcinogens act as external triggers. Thus, early tumor diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy evaluation must rely on cellular-level experimental analysis.

Third, reorganize classic and modern TCM theories, concepts and logical systems based on the Five Elements philosophy, refine core scientific questions of TCM, and establish the underlying logical connections between TCM theories and the five streams of holovivology. This will continuously deepen the collective understanding of physiological phenomena, pathological mechanisms and complex disease treatments.

Ultimately, holovivology and the observable real-world research aim to reveal the fundamental material basis of life phenomena and enhance human cognition of life and diseases.

Tab. 1 Examples of the Correlation Between the Five Elements, Holovivology and Core Elements of Traditional Chinese Medicine

 

Natural Philosophy	Holovivology	Core Elements of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)	Examples of Shared Knowledge
Metal	Information Stream (gene sequences and prosthetics)¹	Blood Vessels, Inheritance (Four Diagnostic Methods: Inspection, Listening & Smelling, Inquiry, Pulse-Taking)³	Personalized Therapy, Precision Medicine
Wood	Operation Stream (gene products and prosthetics)²	Blood, Pulse-Taking, Meridians	Molecular Diagnosis, Imaging Diagnosis
Water	Balance Stream (energy, substances, signals)	Qi, Essence (Jing), Blood, Body Fluids, Four Seasons	Physiological Detection, Immunotherapy
Fire	Compartment Stream (cells, development, organs)	Zang-Fu Organs, Meridians	Targeted Drugs, Cell Therapy
Earth	Plasticity Stream (metamorphosis, dormition, cognition)	Yin-Yang, Meridians, Spirit (Shenming)⁴	Sleep, Pain, Longevity

Notes: ¹ Prosthetics of genomes include modified nucleotides, nucleosomes, centromeres, telomeres, and other complexes of additional proteins and nucleic acid molecules; ² Gene products include RNA and proteins, and their prosthetics include all covalently and non-covalently bound molecules and molecular complexes; ³ Although traditional Chinese medicine does not have genetic concepts such as genes and DNA, the four diagnostic methods involve complex phenotypic observation; ⁴ Concepts of Shen and Shenming essentially refer to internal and external regularities, including heart rate and circadian rhythm.

 

 

3. Integration of Holovivology Framework and TCM Theories

Against the backdrop of the evolving landscape of life sciences, the fundamental path for TCM development lies in integrating TCM theories with herbal practices, and leveraging innovative technologies and data accumulation to interpret theories and guide applications. Many core TCM concepts can be effectively interpreted and communicated with modern biomedicine via the holovivology framework, including Essence (Jing), Qi and Spirit (Shen).

3.1 Interpretation of Essence (Jing)

As recorded in Guanzi·Neiye: "Human life originates from the essence of heaven and the form of earth, combining to create a complete human being." Essence is divided into innate essence and acquired essence. Innate essence is inherent at birth and belongs to the Information Stream, mainly involving genetics and epigenetic information carried by germ cell DNA. Acquired essence is accumulated throughout growth, closely related to epigenetic regulation and primarily categorized under the Operation Stream, covering somatic cell DNA, RNA and gene expression regulation. This aligns with the classic statement in Suwen·Jinkui Zhenyan Lun: "Essence is the foundation of life." The Suwen·Wuzang Bielun also notes that the five zang-organs store essence instead of discharging it, reflecting the Compartment Stream attribute of essence, which corresponds to the visceral manifestation theory of TCM.

3.2 Interpretation of Qi

The Lingshu·Yingwei Shenghui states: "Food enters the stomach and transports nutrients to the lungs; all zang-fu organs receive nourishing Qi. The clear part acts as nutrient Qi, and the turbid part acts as defensive Qi." Qi corresponds to the Balance Stream in holovivology. It includes tangible substances and energy (mainly ATP produced by mitochondria), as well as intangible regular patterns and interconnected signaling networks inside and outside cells. The balance of substances and energy in blood manifests as vessel Qi, while the overall balance within organs and tissues constitutes systemic Qi.

Recent studies suggest that Yang Qi is closely associated with mitochondria, a type of subcellular organelle within the Compartment Stream. TCM theories hold that Yang Qi is generated from the six fu-organs, while Yin Qi accumulates in the five zang-organs. The alternating state of Yin and Yang (wakefulness and sleep) reflects the Plasticity Stream feature of Qi, which can be further explored via the holovivology framework.

3.3 Interpretation of Spirit (Shen)

As described in Xunzi·Tianlun: "All creatures grow with the harmony of nature and thrive with nourishment; their achievements are visible while the processes remain unseen - this is defined as Shen." Shen is primarily shaped by the external environment. Suwen·Shengqi Tongtian Lun mentions that sages preserve spirit, absorb natural Qi and communicate with universal Shen. The heart is regarded as the "monarch organ" where Shen resides, representing the human body's adaptability to the environment.

Life rhythms such as cell cycles, reproductive cycles, circadian rhythms and seasonal cycles are governed by the material basis of the Balance Stream, while the rhythmic changes themselves belong to the Plasticity Stream. Biological plasticity covers systemic plasticity (immunity, reproductive ability), behavioral plasticity (dormancy, migration) and cognitive plasticity (language, intelligence). By classifying and interpreting TCM theories under the holovivology framework, we can efficiently find paths for integrated development between TCM and modern biomedicine.

Molecular Biology Research & Value of Cistanche Tubulosa (Core TCM Herb)

Modern molecular biology research fully verifies tcm herb cistanche benefits in molecular biology. As a high-grade TCM herb, Cistanche tubulosa exerts multiple pharmacological effects through regulating cell signaling pathways, gene expression and microbial metabolism:

Phenylethanoid glycosides (echinacoside, acteoside): The signature active ingredients of our Cistanche tubulosa. Echinacoside binds to ghrelin receptors to regulate growth hormone secretion and exert anti-aging effects; acteoside acts as a PHD2 inhibitor to activate the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, induce skeletal muscle mitophagy and relieve fatigue. These compounds also trigger mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells and inhibit tumor proliferation.

Polysaccharides: Our high-purity cistanche polysaccharides regulate intestinal flora, boost short-chain fatty acid production and inhibit the MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, alleviating intestinal inflammation and liver damage[9].

Flavonoids & other components: Possess strong free radical scavenging and antioxidant capabilities, protecting neurons and delaying cell senescence.

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4. National Healthcare Initiatives: Vast Development Prospects for Modern TCM

The rapid advancement of biomedicine has driven large-scale public health projects worldwide, including the U.S. 21st Century Cures Act, the UK National Health Service (NHS) and China's Healthy China 2030 Initiative. These major programs create unprecedented opportunities for TCM development.

Currently, the cost of individual full-genome sequencing has dropped to approximately 2,000 RMB per person, enabling the construction of a national genome database for public health. Large-scale big data accumulation (including transcriptome and microbiome data) lays a solid foundation for personalized healthcare and precision medicine. This database can not only assess disease susceptibility and physical conditions of individuals and their families, but also scientifically evaluate the efficacy of TCM herbal formulas and interventions.

The classic TCM philosophy of "treating diseases before their onset" is highly compatible with modern preventive healthcare. Routine physical examinations and mild discomforts can be evaluated via TCM four diagnostic methods (observation, listening/smelling, inquiry, pulse-taking). Preventive treatment relies heavily on phenotypic information, especially for infectious diseases. Genotype-phenotype association data in the national healthcare platform is carried by the Information Stream, and acquiring genetic information of individuals and families is the primary prerequisite.

The core information of personalized health data consists of three parts: human genome and epigenome information, dynamically changing intestinal microbiome data, and real-time gene expression data under physiological and pathological states. In the digital era, these multi-dimensional data will become the core technical platform of national healthcare systems.

TCM intervention methods are highly accessible for public promotion. The ancient philosophy of "food-medicine homology" in China and herbal tea therapy in Western countries can be scientifically evaluated via large-sample population data for herbal formulas and dietary supplements. Wearable devices and on-site testing equipment also support real-time personalized health monitoring.

We can carry out stratified long-term research targeting health issues across different age groups: acne and viral infections in adolescents, mental health problems in young adults, fertility issues in middle-aged populations, menopausal disorders and chronic diseases in the elderly. Public health-oriented TCM will become a major growth driver for the industry and a core component of future metaverse healthcare systems. Ultimately, building a complete health preservation and security system comparable to modern financial payment systems will benefit every individual, family and community, becoming a symbol of national prosperity and people's well-being.

For herbal product developers, the booming global preventive healthcare market creates huge demand for high-quality TCM raw materials. Our high-content Cistanche tubulosa Extract is an ideal raw material for anti-aging, anti-fatigue, intestinal health and immune-support supplements, fully meeting the formulation requirements of European and American health product brands.

 

Tab. 2 Biomedical Science-Related Research Projects and Corresponding Large-Scale Socialized Scientific Programs

 

Holovivology	Socialized Precision Medicine Engineering	Examples of Industrialized Applications and Products
Information Stream	Population-Wide Genome Sequencing Project¹	AlphaMissence, National Genome Database⁶
Operation Stream	Human RNAome Project²	AlphaFold, National Gene Productome Database⁷
Balance Stream	Biobank³, Biological Genetic Resource Bank	POCT, National Nutrition and Health Security System⁸
Compartment Stream	"Cancer Moonshot" Initiative⁴, Organ and Cell Resource Bank	Biopharmaceuticals, Stem Cell Therapy
Plasticity Stream	"BRAIN" Initiative⁴, Human Microbiome Project⁵	Real-Time Monitoring Devices, Public Healthcare System, Healthy Aging System

Notes: ¹ Socialized projects legislated and launched by the United States and the United Kingdom; ² Large-scale scientific project planned to be launched in the United States, with its socialized application already legalized; ³ Socialized medical service project implemented by the UK National Health Service; ⁴ Examples of large-scale scientific projects launched in the United States, with annual corporate investment of hundreds of millions of US dollars; ⁵ The Human Microbiome Project is currently in the initial stage; ⁶⁻⁸ Various omics databases, which will be integrated under the holovivology paradigm in the future, with refined application layers.

 

5. Innovation of Modern TCM Research Systems & Core Technologies

The integrated TCM research system combining cutting-edge biomedicine and pharmaceutical technologies has gradually matured, especially in the fields of natural product screening and clinical application. However, breakthroughs are still needed in the theoretical and technical research of TCM itself, such as exploring the physiological and biochemical basis of the meridian system, the systematic correlation between acupuncture manipulation and meridians/acupoints, and the holographic physical detection technology for pulse diagnosis.

Like modern biomedicine, TCM requires disruptive innovative thinking and technological breakthroughs. Taking meridian research as an example to illustrate the complexity of TCM and its integration with modern science: existing studies prove that the meridian system is a relatively open organized network, allowing liquid to flow along longitudinal pathways, forming a virtual organizational structure beyond traditional histology and anatomy. Its potential material basis includes energy molecules (ATP and derivatives). Mitochondria, as membrane-wrapped organelles, cannot flow outside cells, while exosomes (vesicles around 250 nm in diameter) can carry proteins and small-molecule RNAs with tissue targeting properties. Researchers are exploring whether exosomes participate in the "Deqi" (acupuncture sensation) response and related physiological reactions. The ongoing Human RNAome Project will also provide new technical support for meridian mechanism research.

Pulse diagnosis is another core TCM technique requiring modern scientific interpretation. Classic records state that pulse conditions vary with Yin-Yang, force and seasonal changes, presenting dynamic space-time characteristics. From the holovivology perspective, pulse manifestations reflect the fluid dynamics of blood in arteries at different body parts, which are affected by seasons, regions and physical states. Modern pulse detection requires high-density sensor arrays to capture blood flow rhythms and establish big data of normal and abnormal pulse characteristics via long-term individual tracking and empirical comparison. Evidently, exploring TCM's core mechanisms requires interdisciplinary systematic engineering.

 

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Optimized industrial extraction technology: Adopting mild, low-cost extraction processes verified by scientific experiments, we avoid high-temperature and excessive solvent damage to active ingredients, maximizing the retention of phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids and polysaccharides. The process features high repeatability and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

Strict molecular-level quality control: We apply HPLC, transcriptome analysis and multi-index detection technology to monitor the content of active ingredients in each batch of products, ensuring stable batch quality and compliance with international food and pharmaceutical safety standards.

Customized service capabilities: We provide Cistanche tubulosa Extract with customizable content specifications to match diverse formulation needs for supplements, functional beverages, herbal liqueurs and skincare products, supporting OEM and ODM services for global clients.

 

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6. Conclusion

The core challenge for the development of TCM science and technology is to connect its traditional research paradigm with the new paradigm of modern life sciences, realize mutual learning, complementarity and win-win cooperation with cutting-edge biomedicine, and eventually establish a unique independent research system for TCM. Moving beyond the traditional disease-treatment model, modern TCM focuses on preventive healthcare, full-life-cycle health management and social development demands. This is an ongoing global scientific and social project requiring joint planning and participation from governments and academic communities worldwide.

The inheritance and innovation of modern TCM is closely linked to cultural confidence, civilizational vision, disciplinary development and global public cognition. Today, China has embraced a new era of reviving trust and support for TCM. The starting point lies in interpreting and inheriting traditional cultural classics, integrating thousands of years of practical experience from TCM and modern biomedicine, and leveraging the advantages of cutting-edge modern science to jointly shape the future of life sciences. This large-scale scientific project with Chinese characteristics requires the concerted efforts of TCM researchers, life science scholars and related social science practitioners.

For global developers engaged in TCM herbal products, functional foods and dietary supplements, collaborating with a professional and technically advanced raw material supplier is the key to product success. Our high-content Cistanche tubulosa Extract, backed by in-depth molecular biology research on tcm herb cistanche benefits, superior raw materials and mature production technology, is your reliable long-term partner for developing competitive cistanche series products.

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