Effects Of Anti-aging Interventions On Intestinal Microbiota Part 1
May 13, 2022
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ABSTRACT
Identifying ways to deal with the challenges presented by aging is an urgent task, as we are facing an aging society. External factors such as diet, exercise, and drug therapy have proven to be major elements in controlling healthy aging and prolonging life expectancy. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has also become a key factor in the anti-aging process. cistanche salsa benefits As the intestinal microbiota changes with aging, an imbalance in intestinal microorganisms can lead to many age-related degenerative diseases and unhealthy aging. This paper reviews recent research progress on the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and anti-aging effects, focusing on the changes and beneficial effects of intestinal microorganisms under dietary intervention, exercise, and drug intervention. In addition, bacteriotherapy has been used to prevent frailty and unhealthy aging. Most of these anti-aging approaches improve the aging process and age-related diseases by regulating the homeostasis of intestinal flora and promoting a healthy intestinal environment. Intervention practices based on intestinal microorganisms show great potential in the field of anti-aging medicine.
KEYWORDS Intestinalmicrobiota; aging dietary intervention exercise; drugs; bacteriotherapy
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1. Introduction
Aging is a natural, time-dependent physiological process that results in a decline in overall function. This decline is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Reducing the negative impacts of advanced age and increasing healthspan has therefore been an important goal of aging and anti-aging research. Genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication have been proposed as the main molecular and cellular hallmarks of aging. Some anti-aging interventions can be found by targeting these characteristics and the pathogenesis of aging. Various anti-aging interventions have been demonstrated to extend the lifespan of model organisms. These interventions are generally classified as dietary intervention, exercise, drug treatment, and genetic alteration. cistanche tubulosa dosage reddit A large array of genetic alterations have been found to increase lifespan in some model organisms. For example, increasing the sirtuin level through genetic manipulation extends the lifespan of yeast, nematodes, and flies.4 Reducing mTOR expression can prolong model animals' lifespan and healthspan.' However, the inability to control gene change hinders its application in human society. Therefore, nongenetic interventions are the focus of current anti-aging research. Dietary intervention, exercise, and drug treatment are the most promising interventions for aging and age-related diseases and are included in the research of the US National Institute on Aging.67
The intestine is a critical target organ for improving the health of aged animals and humans.8 The intestinal tract harbors an extremely complex and diverse community of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota influences the long-term homeostasis of metazoans by maintaining epithelial integrity in the intestinal tract, supporting digestion, training the intestinal immune system, and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria." Abnormal shifts in the gut microbiota are associated with age-related chronic diseases. The gut microbiome is becoming a key factor in the aging process.10 Therefore, we speculate that the gut microbiota could be a new anti-aging target. In this review, we will focus on nongenetic interventions, discuss the changes in and beneficial effects of the gut microbiota under various anti-aging approaches and explore the interactions between anti-aging interventions and the gut microbiota (Figure 1).
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2. Aging and gut microbes
Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that the composition of the gut microbiota varies with a hostage. The intestinal microbiota in fruit flies, ll fish,l2 mice,13-17 rats,l8, and humans19-23 all undergo age-related changes, most of which are disadvantageous to health (Table 1). cistanche แอ ม เว ย์ The gut microbiota of adult humans is dominated by the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and smaller proportions of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia.24 Some studies reported the enrichment of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria abundances and a decrease in Firmicutes and Bifidobacteria in aged people.19-21 A recent study has suggested the presence of a different core microbiota dominated by Ruminococaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteridaceae families, which decrease with aging. "This difference may be due to significant variability between individuals and external factors. However, long-living people have a unique intestinal microbiota. As shown in Table l, health-related genera such as Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Christensenellaceae, and microbial diversity are enriched in long-living people.2223 Despite changes in the microbes of long-living people, their diversity, and beneficial microbes are preserved to support healthy aging.25 Overall, the composition of gut microbes is changed and microbial diversity is reduced due to the accumulation of potentially proinflammatory microbes and a decrease in beneficial microbes with aging.
Conversely, this age-related disorder of gut microbes can affect the health and longevity of the host.26 In fruit flies and mice, age-related microbiota disorders could lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction, which is a pathophysiological marker of aging. Compared with fruit flies fed a homogenate of young flies, those fed homogenized old flies had a shorter lifespan and a higher incidence of intestinal barrier dysfunction. Transplantation of feces from young donors into the intestines of middle-aged fish can extend the lifespan and delay behavioral decline. how much cistanche to take In addition, the genetic composition and metabolites of microorganisms can also have a positive impact on the longevity of the host. Therefore, gut microorganisms may play a regulatory role in the process of aging.
3. Anti-aging interventions and intestinal microbes
Many interventions can be used to regulate aging. Intervention that affects intestinal microbes is an anti-aging strategy. Accordingly, intestinal microbes can be influenced by many anti-aging factors, such as diet, exercise, and drugs.
3.1 Diet intervention and intestinal microbes Diet and dietary patterns have a major role in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases.
Calorie restriction (CR), also known as a dietary restriction (DR), is a dietary plan that reduces calorie intake without resulting in malnutrition or reductions in essential nutrients. Subsequently, new CR schemes, such as intermittent fasting (IF), have been explored. CR can promote corresponding changes in intestinal microflora, so intestinal microflora may play a main role in the beneficial effect of CR. In addition to typical CR measures, many natural foods and healthy dietary habits also have anti-aging effects. Food components and dietary habits can modulate gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier functions.
3.1.1 CR and IF
CR can extend the lifespan in many species, from invertebrates to rodents and even some nonhuman primates.31-33 For a long time, CR has been recognized as one of the most effective nongenetic dietary interventions that can increase lifespan and prevent age-related diseases.3233 CR/DR can also result in changes in the intestinal microbiota and metabolome. These CR-induced changes in the gut micro-biota suggest that animals can manage CR to establish a balanced composition of the gut microbiota, which provides a health advantage to the host.
In normal animals, CR treatment enables changes in the microbiota structure, reduction in diet-associated metabolic disorders, and a prolonged and healthy lifespan. Lactobacillus was significantly increased after CR treatment for 8 weeks, and its relative abundance was signifi-cantly higher than that of randomly fed rats after 36 weeks.34 In mice, CR significantly altered the overall structure of the intestinal microbiota, enriched the phyla positively associated with longevity (such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), and reduced the phyla negatively associated with longevity.35-37Moreover, short-term CR was sufficient to significantly restore intestinal microbiota imbalance to a more balanced state, as seen in younger mice, by reducing the dominance of Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Firmicutes. what is a cistanche 38 However, the duration of CR can affect changes in host metabolic phenotypes and intestinal micro-biota? The intestinal microbiota of light-fed CR mice was significantly different from that of dark-fed CR and random-fed mice.
In obesity models, CR leads to relevant changes in gut microbiota that counteract the metabolic damage associated with obesity and a high-fat diet. Forty-five days of CR in obese mice enriched Bacteroidetes and significantly reduced the Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio. CR treatment also causes similar microbial changes in humans. Long-term (one year) CR in obese adolescents also reduced the Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as Bacteroides, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Clostridium.41 However, a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) reduced the number of Bacteroides and increased Firmicutes in obese patients.42 VLCD led to a decrease in bacterial abundance and restructuring of the gut microbiome in over-weight or obese women. Transplantation of post-diet microbiota to mice decreased their body weight and was enriched with the enteric pathogen Clostridioides difficile.
IF is a type of periodic CR that has also been shown to improve metabolism by reducing body weight and fat mass, lowering blood glucose, and improving insulin sensitivity.44 IF is usually achieved by limiting eating for 12-24 hours, and the time interval between fasting may affect the effectiveness of IF.IF could alter the gut microbiota, and the effect was more pronounced in mice that fasted for 16 hours a day; however, these effects disappeared after fasting stopped.
IF can increase the diversity of gut microbes and change their composition, resulting in a higher abundance of Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Prevotellaceae. Moreover, the transplantation of IF mouse microbiota to normally fed mice improved experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effect of IF is at least partially mediated by intestinal microbiota.46 In mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a fasting-mimicking diet can promote intestinal regeneration, thereby improving IBD-related phenotypes and promoting the expansion of the beneficial intestinal flora Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae.47 Islamic fasting, which is similar to IF, leads to an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides fragilis groups, which are considered to be healthy gut microbiota.
IF is an effective and natural strategy for weight control. An every-other-day fasting (EODF) regimen significantly improved obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Transplantation of microbiota from EODF-treated mice to germ-free mice improved metabolic homeostasis. "EODF for 7 months produced microbiota reconfiguration in diabetic mice, leading to the enrichment of Firmicutes and a reduction in Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, promoting the integrity of the intestinal barrier. "The 28-day IF regimen for diabetic mice improved behavioral impairment via the microbiota-metabolite-brain axis. Moreover, this regimen improved intestinal barrier integrity and microbial diversity in diabetic mice and increased Lactobacillus and butyrate-producing Odoribacter while decreasing Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and unknown Enterococcaceae.5l In addition, EODF prevented the development of hypertension in a spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat model, and this effect was mediated by alteration of the gut microbiota.
This article is extracted from GUT MICROBES 2021, VOL. 13, NO. 1, e1994835 (18 pages) https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1994835
