Research Progress On Chemical Constituents And Biological Activities Of Cistanche

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Advance in chemical conventions and biological activity of genius Cistanche

DING Yan1,2, ZHANG Kaimei1, CANG Xiaoxin1, SUN Hao1, XIAO Wei3, ZHU Jinbo1, 2 (1. School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; 2. Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; 3. Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Lianyungang 222001, China)

Abstract: Species of Cistanche have been discovered to have a wide range of biological activities as traditional Chinese herbal medicines in recent years. The objective of this study was to summarize the chemical constituents of genus Cistanche and their corresponding biological activities reported in domestic and foreign studies over the last three decades. The chemical constituents of Cistanche mainly include phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), benzyl alcohol glycosides, iridoids, lignans, and their glycosides, which could regulate the nervous system and anti-fatigue, prevent cerebral ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion, in which PhGs are the main active components of Cistanche playing an important role in the regulation of the nervous system.

Keywords: Cistanche; chemical conventions; biological events

Cistanche

Introduction

The genus Cistanche is a multi-year-old parasitic herbaceous plant of the Ledanaceae. There are about 20 species in the world, mainly distributed in the warm and dry regions of Europe and Asia [1]. In our country, Cistanche is mainly distributed in desert areas in the northwest, such as Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang [2]. The key to the family and genera of higher plants in China records that there are 6 species of Cistanche in China [3]. After further investigation by domestic scholars Tu Pengfei et al. [1, 4], they were determined to be 4 species and 1 variety, respectively, Cistanchedeserticola Y. C. Ma, Cd), Cistanche tubulosa (C. tubulosa Schenk R. Wight, Ct), Cistanche salsa (C. salsa C. A. Mey. G. Beck, C. s. Albifla P. F. Tu et Z. C. Lou, Csv) and Bossica Sinensis (C. sinense G. Beck). The 2000 edition of the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" [5] included Cistanche deserticola as genuine medicinal material, and the 2010 edition [6] included Cistanche tubulosa as a genuine medicinal material. This article reviews the research on the chemical composition and biological activity of Cistanche in the past 30 years.

1 Chemical composition

In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have conducted many analyses and studies on the chemical components of Cistanche, and 127 compounds have been isolated from it, including 64 phenyl glycosides: 61 are phenylethanoid glycosides, 3 benzyl alcohol glycosides, and cycloalkenes. There are 25 ether terpenes and their glycosides, 13 lignin and their glycosides, and 25 other compounds including monoterpene glycosides and alkaloids. The compounds isolated from the various species of the genus Cistanche were summarized and found that 61 were isolated from the desert Cistanche (Cd), 67 were isolated from the Cistanche tubulosa (Ct), and 17 were isolated from the Saline Cistanche (Csa). , 8 were isolated from Brassica cistanche (CSI) and 9 were isolated from Brassica cistanche (Cp).

1.1 Phenyl glycosides

Currently, the phenyl glycosides isolated from the Cistanche genus include phenethyl alcohol glycosides and benzyl alcohol glycosides. The content and type of phenethyl alcohol glycosides (PhGs) are the most important indicators for evaluating the quality of Cistanche [7-9]. PhGs has the following characteristics: The inner sugar directly connected to the aglycon is glucose; except for the aminoglycoside, the 3 positions of the inner glucose are all connected to rhamnose; the second glucose or xylose in the triglyceride is connected to the 6 positions of the inner glucose; In the 4 or 6 positions of the inner glucose, there are often phenyl acrylics functional groups such as caffeoyl, feruloyl or coumarin. According to the different structures of PhGs, the 61 compounds are divided into A (1-55), B (57-61) and crenatoside (56), as shown in Figure 1, Tables 1, and 2.

Li et al. [10] studied the chemical components of Cistanche Tubulosa and isolated three benzyl alcohol glycosides (62-64), namely salsa-sides AC (Figure 1).

1.2 Iridoids and their glycosides

So far, 4 iridoid aglycons and 21 iridoid glycosides have been isolated from the Cistanche genus (Figure 2 and Table 3). Its iridoid glycosides have the following characteristics: glucose is attached to position 1; carboxyl groups are occasionally present at position 4; hydroxyl groups are often present at positions 6, 7, 8, or 10, or the hydroxyl groups are lost to form double bonds or epoxy ether bonds.

Fig. 1 Structures of benzyl glycosides

1.3 Lignin and its glycosides

At present, 1 lignin aglycone and 12 lignin glycosides have been isolated from the Cistanche (Table 4, Figure 3).

1.4 Other

In addition to the main components of phenyl glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignin, and their glycosides, the chemical components of Cistanche also contain monoterpene glycosides, alkaloids, sterols, and other components (Table 5, Figure 4).

2 Biological activity

2.1 Neuroprotection

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly people. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on the prevention and treatment of Cistanche on AD. Li et al. [47] explored the prevention and treatment effects of Cistanche Capsules on patients with moderate AD and believed that Cistanche can improve the cognitive ability and independent living ability of patients with moderate AD, slow down hippocampal atrophy, and reduce T-tau, TNF-α, IL- The 1β level suggests that it has a potential anti-AD effect.

2.2 Anti-fatigue

Yang Hongxin et al. [48] observed the effects of Cistanche on the liver lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, glycogen and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) of load-bearing swimming mice, and in-depth study of its anti-exercise fatigue mechanism, the results showed that Cistanche It can reduce the activity of LDH5, up-regulate the expression of NOS3, promote liver glycogen synthesis, and have the effect of protecting the liver and promoting physical recovery.

2.3 Prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Wang Xiaowen et al. [49] studied the effects of cistanche glycosides on the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia in conscious mice on perfusion injury, indicating that cistanche glycosides can significantly reduce the stroke index, reduce the scope of cerebral infarction, and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Reduce the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the content of MDA, thereby reducing the pathological damage of hippocampal CA1 area, reducing the number of neuronal apoptosis, and having a significant preventive effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury in awake mice.

2.4 Other

Cistanche has other biological activities besides the main activities such as nerve protection and fatigue resistance. Zeng Qunli et al. [50] found that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has significant immunological activity and can promote cells to enter the division phase. They concluded that its promotion of mouse thymic lymphocyte proliferation is related to its promotion of calcium release in mouse thymic lymphocytes. In addition, Cistanche has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [29], protects the liver, and prevents liver fibrosis [20].

3 Conclusions and prospects

Cistanche is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with high application value and is known as desert ginseng. Desert Cistanche and Cistanche tubulosa are the authentic medicinal materials included in the Pharmacopoeia. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have gradually deepened their chemical composition and biological activity research. At present, the compounds found in Cistanche are mainly divided into three categories, namely, phenyl glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignins, and their glycosides. In terms of biological activity, it has neuroprotective effects such as anti-Alzheimer's disease. Among them, most scholars have conducted in-depth research on the structure and biological activity of phenethyl alcohol glycosides and confirmed through in vivo and in vitro experiments that it is likely to become a new drug against Alzheimer's disease. In the future, with the deepening of related research, the effective ingredients contained in Cistanche will be more discovered by people, and research will be conducted on the whole, organs, tissues, cells, molecules, genes, protein expression and other different levels to find functional targets. Cistanche is likely to be used in the development of new drugs such as middle-aged and elderly neurodegenerative diseases and has huge market development potential.

Cistanche

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