Research Progress On Pharmacological Effects Of Polysaccharides in Cistanche Tubulosa Ⅱ

3.3 Improve learning and memory ability of Cistanche  polysaccharide

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. Yin Gang et al.[38] established a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, and observed the effect of Cistanche polysaccharide on its learning and memory ability, as well as the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and half-cell lymphoma in hippocampal neurons in the brain. Caspase-3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3, Caspase-3) expression, found that Cistanche polysaccharide can enhance the expression of Bcl-2 and inhibit the expression of Caspase-3.

The expression inhibits the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, thereby improving the learning and memory ability of Alzheimer's disease rats. Yin Gang et al. [39] also found through experiments that Cistanche polysaccharides increased the content of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and increased the activity of acetylcholine transferase in the cortex, suggesting that Cistanche polysaccharides may improve learning and memory by affecting the body's cholinergic system. Yin Ruoxi et al [40] showed that Cistanche polysaccharides can significantly increase the expression level of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment model mice, promote the formation of synapses, increase the number of synapses, and enhance synaptic plasticity. Improve the impairment of learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine. Wu Yan et al. [41] studied the non-antioxidant mechanism of Cistanche polysaccharides in improving learning and memory impairment and found that Cistanche polysaccharides could improve aging mice by up-regulating the CAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and moderately increasing the release of neurotransmitters. learning and memory ability.

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3.4 Nerve protection of Cistanche  polysaccharide

Bcl-2 gene is a proto-oncogene, which prolongs cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis, and has the effect of inhibiting apoptosis [42]. Cai Kerui et al. [43] explored the protective effect and mechanism of Cistanche polysaccharide on D-galactose-induced aging mouse brain nerve cells and found that administration of Cistanche polysaccharide could increase SOD activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH) -Px) activity, reduce the content of MDA, enhance the repair ability of nerve cells DNA damage, reduce the number of apoptotic cells, increase the expression of Bcl-2 gene, and improve the effect of brain nerve cell damage in aging mice. LIUYue et al. [44] studied Cistanche polysaccharides to protect adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells from damage by oxygen and deprivation (OGD), and established an OGD-injured PC12 cell model. Dependent oncogene (DJ-1) interaction, Parkinson's disease-related protein DJ-1 mediates neuroprotection by stimulating the expression of anti-apoptotic and antioxidant genes [45], and found that Cistanche polysaccharide inhibited OGD-induced Cell damage and apoptosis can reduce the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by OGD. At the same time, Cistanche polysaccharide can stimulate the secretion of DJ-1 and enhance its DJ-1 expression. Stress and modulation of the DJ-1 pathway are neuroprotective against OGD-induced injury.

3.5 Anti-hepatic injury of Cistanche  polysaccharide

Wang Yanfang et al. [46] found in the test of the protective effect of Cistanche polysaccharide on CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice, that the content of MDA in the liver of the mice in each dose group of Cistanche polysaccharide was significantly reduced, and the level of SOD was significantly increased, indicating that the polysaccharide of Cistanche could improve the liver function of the mice. The damage of lipid peroxides to hepatocytes improves the antioxidant capacity of hepatocytes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and enabling hepatocytes to perform normal defense and compensatory functions. GUO Yuanheng et al. [47] also confirmed that a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Cistanche polysaccharide can reduce the content of MDA and triglyceride (triglyceride, TG), and regulate the activity of related enzymes, thereby playing a role in the treatment of alcoholic liver injury. Protective effects.

3.6 Antivirus and antitumor of Cistanche  polysaccharide

Zhang Hongquan et al. [48] found through experiments that Cistanche polysaccharides can significantly increase the activity of natural killer cell C (NKC) and interleukin IL-2, and have obvious tumor-inhibitory effects on Lewis lung cancer and S180 sarcoma. Wang Chengrong et al. [49] confirmed in the experiment that Cistanche polysaccharide can improve the activity of T lymphocytes and increase the content of interferon-γ in serum. Interferon-γ can not only bind to the corresponding receptors on the cell surface, induce cells to form antiviral proteins, inhibit virus replication, but also kill tumor cells by enhancing or mobilizing the host's immune response to tumor cells to achieve antiviral and antitumor effects. effect.

3.7 Influencing the gut microbiota of Cistanche polysaccharide

Wang Xiaoqin et al. [50] conducted antibacterial experiments on Escherichia coli, Tetrasars, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Penicillium citrinum polysaccharide extracts from Cistanche . The inhibitory effect of Cistanche is significantly stronger than that of fungi, and this experiment shows that Cistanche polysaccharide has potential application value in resisting animal and plant pathogens. ZENG Hui et al. [7] also confirmed that a new type of homogeneous neutral polysaccharide CDA-0.05 isolated from Cistanche can promote the growth of various probiotics, which is beneficial to the health of human intestinal flora.

3.8 Other functions of Cistanche polysaccharide

Chen Zhiwei et al. [51] found in the experimental study on the hematopoietic regulation of Cistanche polysaccharide in mice with myelosuppressive anemia, that Cistanche polysaccharide can promote megakaryocyte and erythroid hematopoietic progenitor cells in a certain concentration range.

Cell proliferation and differentiation, reduce bone marrow suppression, and promote hematopoiesis. Gao Hui et al. [52] tested human fibroblasts in vitro with different concentrations of Cistanche polysaccharides, and found that Cistanche polysaccharides can significantly promote the growth of fibroblasts in vitro, indicating that the application of appropriate concentrations of Cistanche polysaccharides can promote wound healing. In addition, Cistanche polysaccharide can inhibit nuclear factor-κB receptor activating ligand (receptor activatornuclear factor-κB ligand, RANKL)-induced osteoclasts

Cell differentiation and bone resorption [53], and can promote the improvement of endocrine function, accelerate metabolism, thereby improving menopausal symptoms [54]. Experiments [55] proved that the polysaccharide of Cistanche could increase the activities of pepsin and salivary amylase in the rat model of rhubarb spleen deficiency, and improve the digestive dysfunction caused by spleen deficiency.

4 Summary and Outlook of Cistanche polysaccharide

Polysaccharide is one of the important active components of Cistanche . It has many pharmacological effects such as regulating immune activity, anti-aging, improving learning and memory ability, protecting nerves, resisting liver damage, anti-virus, anti-tumor, and affecting intestinal flora. It is widely used in clinical practice. and health food, but the corresponding

There are few studies on the pharmacological mechanism of the drug, which also limits its in-depth development and application. As macromolecular substances, polysaccharides are difficult to be absorbed in the human intestine. The intestinal microbiota can ferment dietary polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids, which promotes the digestion and absorption of human intestines.

How it is transformed in the tract and the mechanism of its impact on the intestinal flora is still unclear, and further research by researchers is needed. In addition, the polysaccharides of Cistanche have many components and complex structures, and there are also certain differences in the efficacy of the polysaccharides of different species and different parts.

Explore further.

With the advancement of science and technology and the deepening of related research, the research on extraction and separation, component analysis, structure-activity relationship, in vivo metabolism, pharmacological effects and biological functions of Cistanche polysaccharides is bound to be more in-depth. The development and rational utilization of the drug provide theoretical basis and scientific basis, and give full play to its maximum clinical medicinal value and economic value.

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