Wen-Lan Li, Jing-Xin Ding, Jing Bai, Yang Hu, Hui Song, Xiang-Ming Sun, Yu-Bin Ji

For more information please contact: Joanna.jia@wecistanche.com

Abstract

LC Technology is a recognized method used worldwide to evaluate the quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). The quality of TCM has a direct impact on its efficacy. Therefore, to thoroughly reveal how TCM exerts its efficacy, first of all, it is necessary to understand the material basis for its efficacy, and then to control the quality of active compounds. The application of the spectrum-effect relationship method is crucial for determining the pharmacological material basis. The goal of this paper was to investigate the underlying correlations between the chemical profiles and oestrogenic activity of Cistanche, to reveal the active compounds. The chemical profiles of Cistanche were recorded using HPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, and oestrogenic activity was determined by the Uterus growth test and the MTT assay. Then combining the results of bivariate analysis, principal component analysis, and gray correlation analysis method, fifteen active compounds were identified. They are 8-epiloganic acid, salidroside, syringalide A 3’-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, cistanoside A, echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistanoside B, cistanoside C, osmanthuside B, acteoside, isoacteoside, tubuloside B, 2’-acetylacteoside, and two unknown compounds. This study lays a foundation for in vivo studies of Cistanche, and for the development of its clinical application.

Cistanche tubulosa

Keywords: Cistanche deserticola; LC/Q-TOF-MS; oestrogenic activity; principal component analysis (PCA); Uterus growth test.

Abbreviations

TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine

HPLC/Q-TOF-MS: High-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

BA: bivariate analysis

PCA: principal component analysis

GCAM: gray correlation analysis method

MTT :Trypsin, 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide

DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide

RPMI1640 Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640

1 Introduction

Recently, TCM has become more and more popular in Asian and Western countries due to its stable therapeutic effects and low toxicity in the clinic. As a result, it is necessary to develop novel types of TCM and to understand the effective compositions used during their clinical application [1-6].

Firstly, the spectrum-effect relationship is studied to discern the correlation between chromatographic fingerprint and pharmacodynamics efficacy. Then using the relationship to look for effective components in TCM, and to formulate control standards to reflect their internal quality. The spectrum-effect relationship has been applied in many areas of TCM research, such as the material basis of single and compound TCM, component compatibility, processing mechanism, pharmacological effect forecast, and technology optimization [7-12]. The spectrum-effect relationship is used to put forward new ideas and methods for exploring active substances, optimizing formulas, improving preparation processes, tracking and separating target ingredients, and for the development of new TCM drugs [13-17].

Cistanche has been widely used for the treatment of sexual dysfunction, constipation, prostatitis, and kidney deficiency. It has a wide spectrum of bioactivities including oestrogenic effect, anti-aging, antioxidation, and immune action [18-19]. Generally, phenylethanoid glycosides (such as cistanoside A, tubuloside A), lignans, and iridoid glycosides were considered as pharmacological constituents and chemical markers for quality control of Cistanche and its products [20-21]. The chemical spectra of Cistanche from different areas were recorded using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [22-23]. In this study, we select uterus growth test and the MCF7 cell proliferation assay to assess their oestrogenic activities. Principal component analysis, bivariate analysis, and gray correlation analysis methods were used to correlate oestrogenic activity with the individual components. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds of Cistanche responsible for in vivo oestrogenic effects. The study lays a foundation for in-depth studies of Cistanche.

All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of the Harbin University of Commerce.

Cistanche deserticola (cd-20120227-005) was purchased from the drug market and identified by Prof. Zhang Delian (Harbin University of Commerce). Diethylstilbestrol was purchased from HEFEI JIULIAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD. RPMI1640 and RPMI1640 without phenol red were purchased from HyClone Company (USA). MTT and DMSO were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St Louis, USA). The human breast cancer MCF7 cell line was provided by the Research Center of the Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences (Harbin University of Commerce). The standards used were as follows: acteoside (111530- 200505), echinacoside (111670-200503), and salidroside (110736-200628) were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were MS-grade, whereas water was ultrapure. Other reagents were of analytical grade and were commercially available.

2 Experimental Procedure

2.1 Materials

Agilent 1290 HPLC system, Agilent 6530 Series Quadrupole Time-of-Flight LC/MS (Q-TOF) system, and Chemical HPLC-3D workstations were used for analytical chemistry experiments and data processing. Milli-Q ultrapure water was used for the preparation of samples and standards. Additional instruments included the electronic Analytical Balance AR1140 (Ohaus International Ltd), the 680 Microplate Reader (Bio-Rad Corporation), and the 64R High-Speed Centrifuge (Beckman Coulter Allegra).

Immature female Kunming mice (about 21 d of birth, weaned) weighing (12 ± 2) g, were purchased from Changchun National Biological Industry Base Laboratory Animal Center (Changchun, China). The mice were housed in a temperature-regulated room (22 ± 2°C) with unrestricted access to food and water. Animal experimentation was initiated after five days of acclimatization. The mice were fasted overnight with free access to water before administering the test solutions. This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health.

2.2 Preparation of the sample solution

Cistanche samples were collected from ten diverse habitats, namely Neimeng, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Guizhou, Chaidamu, Xizang, Alashan, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Hubei Province.

The solution (1.0 g/mL) of the Cistanche sample was prepared in distilled water for oral administration. The concentration of diethylstilboestrol was 20μg/mL and was used as the positive control solution. The solution (1.0 g/mL) of the Cistanche sample was prepared in 50% acetonitrile. Acteoside, echinacoside and salidroside (2.0 mg each) were dissolved in 10 mL of 50% acetonitrile solution. Both the sample and standard solutions were filtered using a 0.45-μm filter before analysis.

2.3 LC-MS conditions

A Waters Symmetry Shield RP18 (3.9 mm×150 mm, 5μm; Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) was used to analyze the samples. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.2% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution (B) and was pumped at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume of each sample was 10 μL. The gradient elution program was as follows: Mobile phase A was initiated at 5% and increased linearly to 23% at 35 min. Solution A was subsequently increased to 25% (35 to 65 min). The mobile phase A was then decreased to 5% for the last 5 min of the run (65 to 70 min). The column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The chromatograms were monitored at 254 nm. The atomization gas pressure was 30 psi, and the capillary voltage was 3.5 kV. The flow rate of the dry gas was set to 8 L/min with a temperature of 30°C. The mass spectra were recorded within the scan range of 100- 3,000 Da and were in negative ion scanning mode.

2.4 Fingerprint evaluation

LC fingerprints of the samples collected from 10 different batches were established and matched automatically using the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM (version 2012; China Pharmacopoeia Committee, Beijing, China). Furthermore, the reference chromatogram map was generated using the median method. In addition, cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the quality of the samples from ten diverse habitats.

2.5 Principal component analysis (PCA)

PCA is a multivariate statistical method. It can retain sufficient information from the data acquisition. In the present study, characteristic peaks from LC chromatograms were screened further by PCA and aimed to identify active compounds based on the spectrum-effect relationship.

2.6 Uterus growth test

The mice were divided into 12 groups (10 per group). The sample solutions that were prepared from Cistanche were collected from ten diverse habitats and were administered twice daily (morning and evening) by gavage at a dose of 30 g/kg body weight for four days. The blank and positive control groups comprised equal volumes of distilled water and diethylstilboestrol solution and were administered twice daily for four days. On the fifth day, the drug-containing blood samples were withdrawn from the anesthetized mice. The samples were centrifuged (5,000 rpm, 10 min), and the supernatants (drug-containing serum samples) were separated. The drug-containing serum samples were inactivated by heating at 56°C in a water bath for 30 min and were filtered through a 0.22-μm filter before the MTT assay. Concomitantly, the uteri of the mice were immediately excised and weighed to calculate the uterine weight indices. The animal experimentation was initiated following five days of acclimatization. The mice have fasted overnight with free access to water before the administration of the test solutions. The present study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of the Harbin University of Commerce. All potentially stressful procedures were performed under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia.

2.7 MTT assay

MCF7 cells were co-cultured with RPMI 1640 without phenol red (containing 5% CDT-FBS) for four days. The cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 2,000 cells/well. An adherent culture was achieved and following 72 h of culture, the cells were co-cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing serum samples from Cistanche-treated of mice. The experiments were conducted in six replicates. Subsequently, 20 μL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well, and the cells were incubated for 4 h. Following medium removal, 150 µL of DMSO was added to produce the formazan product, and the plates were shaken in the dark to completely dissolve. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a Microplate Reader. The proliferation rate was calculated as the average absorbance value of the drug-containing serum group divided by the average absorbance value of the blank control group (cells co-cultured in RPMI 1640 without serum).

2.8 Statistical analysis

The paired-sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to identify statistically significant differences among values in the blank control and experimental groups. The differences were considered significant at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05).

PCA was used to evaluate characteristic peak areas in the chromatograms of the samples from ten diverse habitats. Bivariate analysis and Gray correlation analysis were used to assess the correlation of peak areas and their oestrogenic activity. The correlation was calculated by SPSS statistics software statistics (SPSS for Windows 21.0, SPSS Inc., USA). The differences were considered significant at a 95% confidence level (two-tailed).

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Cluster analysis and similarity assessment

The relative standard deviation of the retention time and peak area of characteristic peaks were 0.58 and 0.34% for precision, 0.52 and 0.31% for reproducibility, and 0.19 and 0.13% for stability, respectively. These findings indicated that our LC method of fingerprint establishment was reasonable and reliable. The similarities of the chromatograms of ten samples were greater than 0.9. The common peaks for all samples could not fully represent characteristic constituents of Cistanche, since the peak could have been lost. Therefore, the sample matching number was adjusted from 26 to 20 to obtain a more accurate chromatogram map. A total of 26 peaks were obtained, and the sum of their areas was greater than 0.8 compared with those of the overall peak area in the sample. Therefore, we concluded that these chromatographic peaks could effectively reflect the main chemical constituents of Cistanche. The results of cluster analysis are shown in Figure 1. A total of ten diverse habitats were divided into three categories as follows: (A) 2, Guizhou; 3, Qinghai; 4, Chaidamu; 10, Neimeng; 7, Xinjiang and 6, Sichuan. (B) 1, Xizang; 8, Ningxia and 5, Alashan. (C) 9, Hubei. The trend of cluster analysis showed that the habitats of the medicinal herbs are similar when at the bottom of the threshold. But with the increasing of the threshold, the climate and growth conditions of habitats are close. It shows that the cluster analysis can not only distinguish the diverse habitats well but also reflect the affinities between them.

3.2 Identification of chemical constituents

Based on the synergy between components, TCM exerted pharmacological effects. Certain studies have been conducted to identify the chemical compositions of C. deserticola [24-26]. The correlation of inherent constituents with their activities indicated that they could be identified based on the combination of LC with the corresponding indices of pharmacological activity. Q-TOF-MS is suitable for multi-constituent identification of TCM since it can provide the exact molecular mass because of its high resolution. A total of 26 compounds were identified by analyzing the primary and secondary MS data. PCA was used to assess whether these compounds concerning their oestrogenic activity. A contribution of the activity is indicated by an eigenvalue higher than 1 (> 1) and a cumulative contribution rate of variables higher than 0.8 (> 0.8). The higher, the absolute value of the Eigen load, the higher the influence of the compounds on the oestrogenic indices.

The chromatograms of Cistanche and the standard samples were compared to identify individual components under the same LC-MS conditions. As shown in Table 1, a total of 26 constituents were identified based on the retention time and MS data [24-26]. Active ingredients are orally administrated in the form of mixtures rather than monomers as traditional Chinese medicine is in the form of a mixture to play a therapeutic role. A single compound after being individually separated was not found to play a role. Our goal is to reveal compounds that have oestrogenic activity in the known components of Cistanche [23-30], and therefore did not select NMR and other technical means to validate their identity. Peak 1 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 373 (C16H22O10), which was identical to the elemental composition of geniposidic acid. This was supported by the loss of a glucose moiety that yielded a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 211. Peak 2 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 461 (C20H30O12), which was identical to the elemental composition of decaffeoylacteoside, and was supported by the loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, forming a fragmentation with an m/z ratio of 315. Peak 4 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 375 (C16H24O10), which was identical to the elemental composition of 8-epiloganic acid. The loss of a glucose moiety, formed a fragmentation with an m/z ratio of 213, further supported the inference. Peak 6 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 607 (C29H36O14), which was identical to the elemental composition of syringalide A3’-α- l-rhamnopyranoside.

The loss of a caff moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 445, further supported the inference. Peak 8 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 799 (C36H48O20), which was identical to the elemental composition of cistanoside A. The loss of a caff moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 637, further supported the inference. Peak 11 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 487 (C21H28O13 ), which was identical to the elemental composition of cistanoside F. This was supported by the loss of a rhamnosyl moiety that yielded a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 341, and the loss of another caff moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 179, further supported the inference. Peak 12 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 813 (C37H50O20), which was identical to the elemental composition of cistanoside B. The loss of a glucose moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 651, further supported the inference. Peak 13 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 827 (C37H48O21), which was identical to the elemental composition of tubuloside A. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragmentation with an m/z ratio of 681, further supported the inference. Peak 14 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 637 (C30H38O15), which was identical to the elemental composition of cistanoside C. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 491, further supported the inference.

Peak 15 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 591 (C29H36O13), which was identical to the elemental composition of osmanthuside B. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 445, further supported the inference. Peak 16 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 623 (C29H36O15), which was identical to the elemental composition of acteoside. The loss of a caff moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 461, further supported the inference. Peak 18 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 623 (C29H36O15), which was identical to the elemental composition of isoacteoside. The loss of a caff moiety, forepeak 15 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 591 (C29H36O13), which was identical to the elemental composition of osmanthuside B. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 445, further supported the inference. Peak 16 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 623 (C29H36O15), which was identical to the elemental composition of acteoside. The loss of a caff moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 461, further supported the inference. Peak 17 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 623 (C29H36O15), which was identical to the elemental composition of cis-acteoside. The loss of a caff moiety, formed a fragment iod a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 461, further supported the inference. Peak 21 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 653 (C30H38O16), which was identical to the elemental composition of campneoside Ⅰ.

The loss of a caff moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 491, and the loss of another rhamnosyl moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 345, further supporting the inference. Peak 22 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 665 (C31H38O16), which was identical to the elemental composition of tubuloside B. The loss of a CH3 CO moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 623, and the loss of another caff moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 461, further supporting the inference. Peak 23 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 639 (C29H36O16), which was identical to the elemental composition of campneoside. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 493, further supported the inference. Peak 24 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 665 (C31H38O16), which was identical to the elemental composition of 2’-acetylacteoside. The loss of an Ac moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 623, and the loss of another caff moiety formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 461, further supporting the inference. Peak 25 indicated a predominant deprotonated ion with an m/z ratio of 445 (C20H30O11), which was identical to the elemental composition of cistanoside G. The loss of a rhamnosyl moiety, formed a fragment ion with an m/z ratio of 299, further supported the inference. The structures of compounds are listed in Figure 2.

3.3 PCA

As shown in Table 2, the eigenvalues of the first eight principal components were higher than 1(> 1), and the cumulative contribution rate of the first six principal components was 93.417%. Therefore, the first six principal components were evaluated further. Table 2 indicates their eigenvalues and factor loadings. The first principal component exhibited a higher load based on the eigenvalues of the eight peaks (>0.9). These peaks were the following: 9, 12, 14, and 15. Consequently, echinacoside, cistanoside B, osmanthuside B, and acteoside, corresponding to a total of 4 peaks were selected as representative variables for oestrogenic activity (Figure 3).

.

3.4 Determination of oestrogenic activity

The ratio of uterine wet weight to the bodyweight of each mouse was calculated (Figure 4). The animals exposed to Cistanche from nine habitats exhibited significant oestrogenic activities by increasing their uterine weight compared with mice in the blank control group. Figure 4 further shows the proliferation rate of MCF7 cells treated with the serum of Cistanche-treated mice. The cells treated with the sera of mice that were administered Cistanche from ten habitats exhibited significantly higher growth compared with cells devoid of treatment.

3.5 Bivariate analysis

In the present study, we observed that the uterine weights of immature female Kunming mice increased and the proliferation of MCF7 human breast cancer cells was promoted. These findings verified the oestrogenic activity of Cistanche. Figure 5 indicated the uterine indices and MCF7 cell proliferation rates of these constituents. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relative peak areas, which corresponded to the oestrogenic activity of the samples. The correlation coefficients higher than 0.3 were considered significant (p < 0.05), whereas correlation coefficients higher than 0.5 were considered highly significantly (p < 0.01). Based on the results, Cistanche was shown to possess oestrogenic activity.

A total of nine compounds significantly correlated with the increase in the uterine weight (p < 0.05), whereas ten compounds significantly correlated with MCF7 cellular proliferation (p < 0.05). Compounds that significantly correlated with uterine weight and cell proliferation were 8-epiloganic acid, salidroside, syringalide A3’-α- l-rhamnopyranoside, cistanoside A, cistanoside B, cistanoside C, osmanthuside B, acteoside, isoacteoside, tubuloside B, 2’-acetylacteoside, and two unknown compounds (Figure 5). These thirteen compounds exerted oestrogenic activities.

3.6 Gray correlation analysis method

Figure 6 shows the relative correlation of the characteristic peaks of 26 compounds with the uterine indices, and Figure 7 shows the relative correlation of characteristic peaks of the 26 compounds with their cell proliferation rates. A total of three compounds exhibited the highest correlation with the uterine indices, namely 8-epiloganic acid, cistanoside F, and acteoside (Figure 6, in descending order); whereas the six compounds that exhibited the highest correlation with the MCF7 cell proliferation were echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistanoside B, osmanthuside B, isoacteoside, and tubuloside B (Figure 7, in descending order). The relative correlations of echinacoside, osmanthuside B, acteoside, and isoacteoside were higher than 0.5.

3.7 Optimization of LC-MS conditions

To obtain a better chromatogram map, methanol and acetonitrile were compared. In final, the combination of aqueous formic acid (0.2%, v/v) - acetonitrile was the best mobile phase for separation. By in the range of 200-400nm full wavelength scanning, 254nm was selected as the optimal. In addition, MS parameters were also improved. The negative ion scanning mode was selected because it improved the response values of most ingredients in Cistanche.

4 Conclusion

LC-Q-TOF-MS technology was used to identify oestrogenic active constituents of Cistanche. The present study illustrated that 8-epiloganic acid, salidroside, syringalideA3’-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, cistanoside A, echinacoside, cistanoside F, cistanoside B, cistanoside C, osmanthuside B, acteoside, isoacteoside, tubuloside B, 2’-acetylacteoside, and two unknown compounds were the main active constituents of Cistanche. However, these findings require further studies to explore the in vivo effects and mechanism of action of the constituents.

Acknowledgments:

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81073015), Nature Scientific Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (ZD2017014), and the Young innovative talent training plan of the College in the Heilongjiang Province (UNPYSCT-2017209). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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