Temporal Grouping Effects in Verbal And Musical Short-term Memory: Is Serial Order Representation Domain-general? Part 3
Feb 18, 2024
The directed Bayesian paired samples f-test comparing the rate of interposition errors between the two grouping conditions (H, ungrouped>grouped) provided anecdotal evidence in favour of the null model(BF. Next compared the rate of adjacent transpositions between the two conditions (H, ungrouped grouped) The results provided decisive evidence in favour of the presence of less adjacent transpositions in grouped than in ungrouped trials(BF.623.10).
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Exploratory analyses, Since the present study focused on exploring the nature of senereDresentatlon 1 US]cal STM.1t 1S critical to ensure tnatcomtour was not the dominant component in representing the sequences. Contour is a critical aspect of melodic regular in non-experts (see Dowling 1978:DowlingTillmann, 2014).
Thus, it is a possibility that the pants focused more on contour than item positions manipulat10nthiscould have influenced only contour-basedreDresentatonWe then re-scored considering the interval as correct when same as for the corresponding interval in the target sequence.
Next, we compared the rate of abovchancecorrect recall for item position and contour scoring methods (subtracting 0.l7 and10.5 chance-level to item and con. tour scoring, results of an undirectedBayesian paired samples i-test conducted on chance-corrected item provided decisive evidence (BF10=9.22e5 ) in favour of better performance when using the item position (M=0.24, SD=0.11) than the contour scoring method (M=0.18, SD=0.09).
To gain a better idea of the origin of the decrease of adjacent transposition errors in grouped sequences, we compared the rates of within and between-group displacements-the latest differentiating interpositions, non-interposition, and group-boundary displacements-between the two conditions of grouping (see Table 2).
Exploratory comparisons performed via undirected Bayesian paired samples t-test suggest a moderate level of absence of difference between the two conditions regarding the rate of interpositions (BF01=3.69), within-group transpositions (BF01=6.48), and other between-group transpositions (BF01=3.02). Interestingly, the results revealed decisive evidence that a difference between the rate of displacements involving group boundaries (BF10=153.29) was present.
Finally, we took advantage of the changes introduced in the task, which made response behaviours more comparable with those characterising verbal serial recall, to perform an exploratory analysis of response latencies. This analysis is of interest because temporal grouping exerts an important effect on the pattern of recall timing, which is well accommodated by a two-dimensional representation of positional information (Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008).
In ungrouped sequences, response timing is characterised by a long latency for the initiation of the recall, followed by an inverted U-shaped response timing (Farrell & Lewandowsky, 2004). For grouped sequences, additional long latency is observed at the beginning of temporal groups, reflecting the temporal structure of the sequence (Farrell, 2008; Maybery et al., 2002).
To determine the presence of such a pattern in the present study, we performed a BANOVA on the log of response latency (i.e., timing relative to the previous response or the last presented tone for the first responded item) for correct responses as a function of serial position (1–6) and grouping condition (grouped vs. ungrouped).
The results revealed that the full model is the best model (see Figure 3c), preferred over the second-best model containing only the effect of serial position by a factor of 3.77e7, representing decisive evidence supporting the presence of the two main effects and their interaction (see "Response latencies" rows in Table 1).
Discussion
Experiment 1 aimed to better understand the nature of serial order representations in musical STM. To achieve this goal, we tested whether, with tone sequences, temporal grouping exerts the same effects on recall accuracy, transposition errors, and response latencies as those reported with verbal material. We presented participants with ungrouped tone sequences and grouped tone sequences consisting of two groups of three items.
The evidence that temporal grouping increased recall accuracy was strong. The effect of grouping on the shape of the serial position curve was anecdotal, with only limited scalloping. Analysis of response latencies showed a typical inverted U-shaped profile with a long latency for the first output item in the ungrouped condition, whereas we observed an increase in latency for the first output item in each group in the grouped sequences (for similar results in the verbal domain, see Farrell, 2008; Maybery et al., 2002).
However, while temporal grouping reduced the rate of adjacent transpositions for items at group boundaries, a typical pattern in verbal STM for serial order (Henson, 1999; Maybery et al., 2002), we observed evidence against an increase in interposition errors in grouped sequences. This experiment confirmed, using a serial recall procedure, the results of Gorin et al. (2018b) that temporal grouping provides an advantage in the short-term recognition of musical stimuli.
The pattern of grouping effects observed in this experiment is very similar to what is typically reported for similar verbal STM tasks: grouping induces scalloping of the serial position curve and provides a recall advantage (Frankish, 1985; Hitch et al., 1996; Ryan, 1969a), leads to a decrease in adjacent transpositions (Mayberry et al., 2002), and response latency is longer at the beginning of groups (Farrell, 2008; Maybery et al., 2002).
However, we did not observe the classical increase in interposition errors, which is a benchmark of temporal grouping and is considered evidence for the existence of two-dimensional positional markers coding the positions of items within the groups and the positions of the groups or items in the sequence, respectively (Brown et al., 2000; Burgess & Hitch, 1999; Hartley et al., 2016; Henson, 1998).
The results reported here mirror those observed with visuospatial material and where benchmarks of temporal grouping effects were also observed, except for the increase in interposition errors (Hurlstone, 2019). The authors accounted for the difference by proposing a model of serial order coding positional information in a slightly different way about the type of material.
For verbal information, two-dimensional markers code group positions in the sequence and item positions within the groups. For visuospatial material, the two-dimensional markers code group and item positions in the sequence. A straightforward account of the results reported here would be to assume that the same positional coding scheme is used for visuospatial and musical material, but that the increase in interposition errors in grouped sequence is specific to the positional coding scheme used for verbal information.
At the same time, the observation of interposition errors in the verbal domain is limited to a very specific context where the items are presented in a sequence of three groups of three items (e.g., Hartley et al., 2016; Henson, 1996; Hurlstone, 2019; Ng & Maybery, 2002, 2005; Ryan, 1969b). To the best of our knowledge, in the literature on temporal grouping effects with verbal sequences of six items (e.g., two groups of three items, see Farrell, 2008; Hitch et al., 1996; Maybery et al., 2002; Parmentier & Maybery, 2008),2 there is no study reporting an increase in interposition errors in grouped sequences.
Consequently, inferring the nature of serial order representation in the musical domain based on the assumption that in the verbal domain grouping sequences of nine or six items in groups of three should lead to the same pattern of grouping effects may represent a shortcoming.
Thus, it is a possibility that the absence of an increase in interposition errors with musical material is related to the use of 6-item sequences but not to the presence of different positional coding schemes between the verbal and musical domains.
If this is the case, we should observe the same effect with verbal material as seen in the present experiment.3 To explore this possibility, we conducted an online study where participants had to recall sequences of letters in serial order where we manipulated the phonological similarity (similar vs. dissimilar) and the type of grouping (ungrouped vs. grouped).
Discussion
Experiment 1 aimed to better understand the nature of serial order representations in musical STM. To achieve this goal, we tested whether, with tone sequences, temporal grouping exerts the same effects on recall accuracy, transposition errors, and response latencies as those reported with verbal material.
We presented participants with ungrouped tone sequences and grouped tone sequences consisting of two groups of three items. The evidence that temporal grouping increased recall accuracy was strong.
The effect of grouping on the shape of the serial position curve was anecdotal, with only limited scalloping. Analysis of response latencies showed a typical inverted U-shaped profile with a long latency for the first output item in the ungrouped condition, whereas we observed an increase in latency for the first output item in each group in the grouped sequences (for similar results in the verbal domain, see Farrell, 2008; Maybery et al., 2002).
However, while temporal grouping reduced the rate of adjacent transpositions for items at group boundaries, a typical pattern in verbal STM for serial order (Henson, 1999; Maybery et al., 2002), we observed evidence against an increase in interposition errors in grouped sequences. This experiment confirmed, using a serial recall procedure, the results of Gorin et al. (2018b) that temporal grouping provides an advantage in the short-term recognition of musical stimuli.
The pattern of grouping effects observed in this experiment is very similar to what is typically reported for similar verbal STM tasks: grouping induces scalloping of the serial position curve and provides a recall advantage (Frankish, 1985; Hitch et al., 1996; Ryan, 1969a), leads to a decrease in adjacent transpositions (Mayberry et al., 2002), and response latency is longer at the beginning of groups (Farrell, 2008; Maybery et al., 2002).
However, we did not observe the classical increase in interposition errors, which is a benchmark of temporal grouping and is considered evidence for the existence of two-dimensional positional markers coding the positions of items within the groups and the positions of the groups or items in the sequence, respectively (Brown et al., 2000; Burgess & Hitch, 1999; Hartley et al., 2016; Henson, 1998).
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