The Neuroprotective Effect Of Cistanche Deserticola - Cytological And Pharmacological Effects

The nervous system is the main regulatory control system of the body, which integrates and regulates the physiological activities of various organs to adapt to environmental changes and the needs of body activities. It is essential for ensuring the normal functioning of life activities, and for humans, it is the material basis for language, thinking, consciousness, and mental activities. The occurrence and various manifestations of neurosis are closely related to the nervous system.

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Structurally, the nervous system includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contain many neurons (i.e. nerve cells). The brain comprises the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and medulla oblongata. The telencephalon forms the left and right cerebral hemispheres, together with the diencephalon form the brain. The normality of mental activity mainly depends on whether the structure and function of the brain are normal, and are also related to other parts of the central nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system includes the brain nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nerves, and neural nodes containing neurons that are connected to central neurons. Widely distributed in various tissues and organs throughout the body. The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that are distributed throughout the body, which work together to integrate, regulate, and coordinate the body.

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The functions and physiological processes of various organs and systems in the human body are not carried out in isolation but are interconnected, influenced, and closely coordinated under the direct or indirect regulation and control of the nervous system, making the human body a complete and unified organism, achieving and maintaining normal life activities. At the same time, the human body lives in a constantly changing environment, which inevitably affects various functions in the body at any time. This also requires the nervous system to constantly adjust and perfect various functions in the body, so that the human body can adapt to changes in the internal and external environment.

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Therefore, the nervous system is the dominant regulatory system in the body, and Cistanche deserticola, which has a significant protective effect on nerve cells, is therefore highly favored by people.

So far, nearly 70 compounds have been isolated from plants of the Cistanche genus, mainly including phenylethanoid glycosides, cyclohexene ether terpenes and their glycosides, lignans and their glycosides, as well as alkaloids and sugars and other components. Among them, there are 6 monomers reported to have clear neuroprotective effects, namely ergot glycoside, campneoside II, verbascoside, pineal chrysanthemum glycoside, pipe flower glycoside B, and ziwei xin glycoside. Therefore, nonmonomeric components containing the above-mentioned monomers, such as total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola, phenylethanoid glycosides, and polysaccharides, also exhibit neuroprotective effects.

Main Chemical Constituents of Cistanche deserticola

Campneoside II, verbascoside, guanosine B, and pineal glycoside, which are phenylethanolic glycosides, mainly have protective effects on MPP+, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), or THF - α - induced apoptosis of rat cerebellar granule cells, SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) cell damage, and PC12 (pheochromocytoma) neuronal apoptosis; Pinecone glycoside can reduce MPTP (neurotoxin) induced behavioral damage in mice, increase levels of striated dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites, reduce cell death, and enhance tyrosine hydroxylase expression; Verbascoside can improve MPTP induced behavioral performance in C57 mice, increase the content of dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain, the number of dopamine neurons, and the level of α - synuclein protein in the substantia nigra striatum; Guanhua glycoside B effectively reduces the occurrence of H2O2 induced cell apoptosis, inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species and the increase of caspase-3 (cysteine aspartate protease-3) activity in cells, and maintains the high-energy state of mitochondrial membrane potential. These links are interrelated, jointly inhibiting cell apoptosis and achieving neuroprotective effects. The phenylethanoid glycoside component of salt-grown Cistanche deserticola can protect against apoptosis of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells induced by p amyloid protein 25-35 by increasing cell survival rate and reducing lactate dehydrogenase activity. The total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola (GCs) can achieve neuroprotective function by reducing the content of malondialdehyde in brain tissue and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, that is, enhancing the activity of free radical scavenging enzymes. Cistanche polysaccharides can protect nerve cells by enhancing the expression of Bel-2 and inhibiting the expression of Caspase-3, thereby suppressing neuronal apoptosis.

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The damage and death of nerve cells in the nervous system are common pathological processes in many systemic diseases and are also difficult and key points in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. Therefore, further deepening and improving the mechanism of action of health products with neuroprotective effects is an urgent mission for pharmaceutical workers to benefit the public.