Advances in Chemical Constituents And Pharmacological Activities Of Cistanche
Mar 10, 2022
Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com
YU Yi-fan(College of Chemical Engineering of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730106, China)
Abstract: Cistanche deserticola has the functions of the invigorating kidney, strengthening yang, relaxing stool, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, enhancing memory and immune regulation, and has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this paper, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Cistanche in the past ten years were reviewed, which provided the atheoretical basis for the extensive and in-depth study of the plant.
Keywords: Cistanchedeserticola; chemical constituents; pharmacological activities
0 Preface
Cistanche (Cistanche deserticola Ma), also known as Jiang Yun and Cun Yun. The genus plants belong to the Ledanaceae and are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and other places. The Compendium of Materia Medica records: "Five labors and seven injuries, nourish the middle, remove the cold and heat pain in the stem, nourish the five organs, strengthen the yin, nourish the vital energy, multiple children, and women’s disease." In the past few years, domestic and foreign scholars have actively explored and discovered The plant is rich in chemical components, rich in amino acids, Geniposidic acid, Cistanchlorin, β-sitosterol, carotin, etc.; it has a wide range of pharmacological activities and has enhanced memory [1], anti-osteogenesis It has the effects of loosening [2], invigorating the kidney and strengthening yang and laxative, anti-fatigue, anti-aging [3] and so on.
1 Chemical composition
1.1 Phenylethanol glycosides
Scholars at home and abroad have been actively studying the chemical constituents of Cistanche in recent years. Liu Wenjing et al. [4] identified 12 phenylethanol glycosides in Cistanche, which are verbascoside, 2'-acetyl verbascoside, Cistanche C, Cistanche D, Isomerbucoside, Tubuloside B, Tubuloside E, Saline Cistancheside D, Saline Cistancheside C, Osmanthuside B6 (Z/E) and Echinacoside. Nan Zedong et al. [5] used normal phase silica gel, gel Sephadex LH-20, MCI, ODS, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to separate and extract new cis-benzene from the 3 fleshy stems of Cistanche deserticola cultivated in Tazhong, Xinjiang. Glycoside compounds. They are respectively: cis-tubular anthocyanin B, cis-cistanche glycoside K, cis-cistanche glycoside J, and cis-iso-cistanche glycoside C. Zhang Kaimei [6] used positive and reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography techniques to separate isophylloside, tube anthoside B, and cohodoside from the total glycosides of Cistanche.
Echinacoside
1.2 Iridoid glycosides
Iridoid glycosides are a large class of natural products that are widely found in traditional Chinese medicine and have a variety of pharmacological activities, including swerbupicrin, gentiopicroside, oleuropein, geniposide, peach leaf Coraline, verbascoside, harpagoside, etc. [7]. Yang Jianhua et al. [8] studied the artificially planted Cistanche in the original ecological environment of Xinjiang. They used macroporous resin, activated carbon, SephadexLH-20, and other column chromatography techniques to separate and purify, and obtained 8-epichymoside for the first time. (8-Epiloganicacid, Ⅰ), Leonuride (Leonuride, Ⅱ). Liu Wenjing et al[4] first used Cistanche in the flowers and wood stems
HPLC-IT-TOF-MS separated iridoid glycosides.
1.3 Lignan glycosides
Zhang Jie et al. [9] used preparative liquid chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 to obtain eugenol glucoside (+)-Syringaresinol O-β-Dglucopyranoside from Cistanche Tubulosa. Zhang Kaimei [6] used positive and reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography to separate lignin compounds, balsam-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the total glycosides of Cistanche.
1.4 Sugar
Yang Taixin et al. [10] studied Cistanche tubulosa in the North China Plain, drew a standard polysaccharide content curve, extracted the polysaccharides of Cistanche in different parts of different periods, and measured its content by ultraviolet-spectrophotometry. The results showed that the annual average of Cistanche The content of polysaccharides was the highest in October, with a downward trend in November and December, and the lowest in September. The total content of 2-year-old polysaccharides is always greater than the total content of 1-year-old polysaccharides in the same period. The polysaccharide content in different parts: base> middle> top, polysaccharide content in different periods: October> November> December> September. Wang Liwei [11] used reversed-phase silica gel chromatography, gel chromatography, HPLC preparation, and other separation and purification techniques to separate 2-acetyl-3-rhamnosyl-4-caffeoyl glucose from the methanol extract of Cistanche deserticola.
2 Pharmacological effects
2.1 Neuroprotection
Cai Kerui et al. [12] randomly divided the mice into a young control group, an aging model group, and a Cistanche polysaccharide group. Both the Cistanche polysaccharide group and the aging model group were injected with D-galactose to make the ice age, and the young control group was injected with the same dose The mice in the cistanche polysaccharide group were administrated with cistanche polysaccharide, and the other two groups were injected with saline. The test results showed that the SOD activity, GSH-Px activity, and nerve cell DNA damage repairability in the cistanche polysaccharide group were improved. The content of MDA is reduced, and Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has a protective effect on the nerves of aging mice. Zhang Kaimei[6] constructed a compound-target-disease network, analyzed the relationship between related target proteins at the pathway level and found that Cistanche can regulate CTNNBI, APP, MAPT, PTGS2, CASP3, HMOXI and other potential targets and Wnt 14 signal pathways such as P13K-AKT and VEGF play a neuroprotective role, prevent and treat AD, Parkinson, and other neurological diseases. Miao Xin et al. [13] found in the study that after the effect of Cistanche Verbascum glycosides for 24 hours, the expression of P-CREB increased, the levels of PKA, CAMP, BDNF, and SOD increased, and the levels of MDA and LDH decreased. -The expression of CREB decreased, and the levels of PKA, CAMP, BDNF, and SOD decreased significantly, indicating that Cistanche verbascoside has a significant protective effect on D-galactose-induced PC12 nerve cell damage.
Improve immunity
2.2 Antioxidant effect
Wang Guowei et al. [14] studied the antioxidant activity of Cistanche polysaccharide in vitro and compared it with ascorbic acid. The results showed that the scavenging ability of Cistanche polysaccharide on DPPH ···OH increased with the increase of polysaccharide concentration, and was better than ascorbic acid. , But the scavenging effect of O-2· is not as good as ascorbic acid. When the concentration is 0 to 4.0 mg/mL, the ability to remove singlet oxygen is lower than ascorbic acid, and when the concentration is greater than 4.0 mg/mL, the removal ability of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide is greater than that of ascorbic acid. Yang Jianhua et al. [15] studied the antioxidant effects of 6 phenethyl alcohol glycosides in Cistanche, and their scavenging ability is the strongest 2'-acetyl verbascoside, followed by Verbascum glycosides, tube anthocyanin B, Isoverbascum glycoside, echinacoside, and finally cistanche glycoside A. Their removal ability is linear with concentration. Qin Wenting et al. [16] simultaneously reacted Cistanche polysaccharides, alcohol extracts, and total glycosides with DPPH·radical ethanol solution. The results showed that total glycosides had the strongest scavenging ability, and the scavenging ability of phenylethanoid glycosides was significantly higher than that of polysaccharides.
2.3 Anti-aging effect
Wu Yan et al. [17] conducted a Morris water maze experiment on D-galactose-established mice with acute aging. Compared with the model group, the escape latency of the Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide groups was significantly shorter. In the space exploration experiment, comparing the Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide group with the model group, the time for mice to reach the platform for the first time was significantly shorter, and the number of crossing the platform increased, indicating that it has a significant effect on improving the learning and memory ability of aging model mice. Fan Yanan et al. [18] gave D-galactose intragastrically to establish an aging rat model and used ELISA to detect the levels of MDA, SOD, and NO in rat serum. The results showed that different processed products of Cistanche can significantly reduce the levels of MDA and NO. SOD has a rising trend. The brain mtDNA high-dose group and positive drug group did not appear to be missing, and the high-dose group is better than the low-dose group, indicating that the processed products of Cistanche have anti-aging effects. Xuan Guodong et al. [19] investigated the anti-aging effects of Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides on D-galactose-induced aging model mice. Four weeks later, they found that the number of learning and memory errors in the phenylethanoid glycoside group decreased, and the learning response period was shortened. , Memory latency is prolonged, Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides have anti-aging effects.
2.4 Other functions
Zhang Nana et al. [20] conducted experiments on mice whose ovaries were removed and given dry feed to imitate menopausal hypertension and dryness. The results show that Cistanche polysaccharide can regulate neurotransmitter and endocrine hormones by enhancing HPOA function, promoting the improvement of endocrine function, accelerating metabolism, and playing a role in improving menopausal symptoms. Hu Qiong et al. [21] found that mice fed with Cistanche phenethyl alcohol glycosides had inhibited the growth of their liver cancer cells, reduced their numbers, reduced their heterogeneity, and were accompanied by a large number of necrotic cells. The tumor suppression rate increased with benzene. The increase in the dose of total ethanol glycosides indicates that the cistanche phenoxyethanol glycosides can reduce liver damage in mice with liver cancer and have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Chen Baiquan et al. [22] injected Cistanche extract into mice with acute liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride, which was not much different from the control drug butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), and was greater than that of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). It can reduce the activity of ALT and AST in the serum of mice and the content of MDA in liver homogenate can significantly increase the SOD value in the liver of mice and has a significant liver protection function. Xu Xiaoxue[23] established HPLC characteristic map and content determination method to study the desert Cistanche deserticola cultivated in Ningxia
Research, using ovariectomized osteoporotic mice to simulate postmenopausal women, orally different concentrations of Cistanche extracts, showed that they all have different degrees of improving osteoporosis.
3 Conclusion
There are many active ingredients in Cistanche, which have great potential for the development of medicinal value. At present, the research on the pharmacological mechanism of Cistanche is not thorough enough, and clinical research is lacking. However, the cistanche genus is widely cultivated in the marginal areas of the western desert in China. The desert cistanche, which is mainly produced, provides a foundation for the development and research of cistanche.
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