A Survey Of The Research On The Chemical Constituents Of Cistanche
Mar 08, 2022
Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com
(School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054)
Cistanche is Orobanchaeceae Cistanche plant Cistanche dried fleshy stem with scaly leaves, also known as fine bamboo shoots, vertical squash, fleshy floss, goblin, and big Yun are one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines. There are about 18 species of this genus in the world, and about 4 species and 1 variety in my country, namely Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma, C. salsa (CA Mey.) G. Beck, C. tubulosa Schenk R. Wight, C. salsa var. albif lora P. F. Tu et Z. C. Lou) and C. sinensis G. Beck). "The Dictionary of Chinese Medicine" contains 3 types: salted Cistanche, Cistanche, C. ambigua (Bge.) B. Beck [1]. "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" only contains Cistanche as medicinal Cistanche [2]. According to the investigation, due to the shortage of genuine resources, the traditional Chinese medicine Cistanche used in many places is a genuine product of the Cistanche genus that is not included in the Pharmacopoeia. A resource survey conducted by Tu Pengfei and others on this genus of plants showed that “In addition to Cistanche, there are Cistanche tuber and a new variety of Cistanche white flower [3]. Few areas also use cistanche. Boschmikia rossica (Cham. Et Schlecht) Fedtsch. et Flerov also has a similar effect of nourishing the kidney and strengthening yang and is often used in folk medicine [4]. Foreign research shows that Cistanche has a significant effect on scavenging free radicals [5]. The main component of Cistanche is phenoxyethanol glycosides, and the number of phenoxyethanol glycosides and the amount of each monomer are obviously related to the variety and place of production. The literature pointed out that [6] Cistanche has a higher amount of total phenethyl alcohol glycosides than Cistanche and Cistanche salt. Therefore, Cistanche tuberosum has broad prospects as an official variety or supplementary variety of Cistanche included in the Pharmacopoeia.
Cistanche is mainly produced in the desert regions of Central Asia, West Asia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, and other desert regions of China. It has the effects of nourishing the kidney, nourishing essence, promoting blood circulation, and laxative. It is a traditional Chinese medicine with the conclusive function of nourishing the kidney and strengthening the yang. According to some statistics, the appearance rate of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for increasing strength is the first place, and it is second only to ginseng in anti-aging and anti-aging prescriptions [7]. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted at home and abroad on the chemical components, pharmacological effects, and anti-aging active ingredients contained in Cistanche deserticola. The results show that [8], Cistanche has shown certain activities in enhancing immunity, improving endurance, preventing liver damage from carbon tetrachloride, and regulating the nervous system and endocrine system. This article summarizes the main chemical components of Cistanche.
1. Phenylethanol glycosides
Modern studies have shown that Cistanche has aphrodisiac, anti-aging, immune function, memory enhancement, blood lipid-lowering, and laxative effects [9-10] It has the reputation of "desert ginseng", and its main active ingredient is phenethyl alcohol glycosides [9]. According to reports in the literature, phenethyl alcohol glycosides have many functions such as resisting adverse stimuli, enhancing learning and memory, and assisting yang [11] Cistanche deserticola contains more of these components. Hiromi Kobayashi, Japan, etc. to my country's Mongolian products C. Salsa has conducted a systematic study and separated phenoxyethanol glycosides from it [12-15]: (Cis-tanosideA) (1); CistanosideB (2); Echinacoside) (3); CistanosideC (4); CistanosideD (5); Acteoside (6); 2'-Acetyacteoside (7); Cistanoside E (8); Cistanoside F (9); Osmanthusjde B (10). Kobayashi Hiromi and others also produced from Karachi, Pakistan C. New compounds were found in tubulosa [16]: Tubuloside A (11); Tubuloside C (12); Tubuloside B (13); Acteoside isomer (14); Tubuloside D (15). Japan Tang Hu ひろ子 etc. from C. New compounds were obtained from salsa [17]: Cistanoside H (16); Cistanoside I (17); Decaffeoylacteoside (18); Cistanoside G (19); Salidroside (20). Fumio Yoshizawa et al. from C. New compounds obtained from tubulosa [18]: Tubuloside E (21); Syringalide A3′-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (22); and Isosyringalide-3′-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (23). C. Domestic scholars There are many studies on deserticola, and Du Niansheng et al. divided echinacoside, cistanche glycoside A, cohodoside, and 2'-acetyl cohodoside from it [19]. Xu Wenhao et al. can be divided into cohodosides, 2'-acetyl cohodosides, echinacoside, cistanche glycosides A, B, C, H, etc. [20]. Xu Zhaohui obtained salidroside from it [21] etc.
2. Iridoids
Japan's Hiromi Kobayashi, etc. to ou country's Cistanche in Inner Mongolia C. Salsa has conducted a systematic study [22-24]. 8-Epiloganic acid (24); Mussaenoside acid (25); Leonuride (ajugol) (26); 8-Epideoxyloganic acid (27); Gluroside (28); Geniposidic acid (29); Bartsioside (30); 6-Deoxy-catalpol (31); Cistanin (32) (Cistanchlorin) (33) and other compounds. Luo Shangsu waited C. Desterticola is divided into 8-Epiloganic acid [25]. Xu Wenhao et al. C. Desterticola scored 8-Epiloganic acid [20].
Cistanche
3. Lignin
Hiromi Kobayashi from C. Salsa scored [14-17]: (+) -Syringaresinol o- β-D-glucopyranoside (34); Liriodendrin (35); Pinoresinol (36) powder; (+) -Pinoresinol O-β-D-glucopyra- noside (37) and abietic acid. From C. New lignin can be divided into tubulosa [18]: De-hydrodiconiferyl alcohol γ′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (38) and De-hydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (39).
4. Volatile components
Produced in Xinjiang in 1988 by Du Niansheng and Qu Shuhui. C. The essential oils were extracted by water vapor distillation in salsa, and then analyzed by GC/MS/DS methods to analyze the components and relative content of the essential oils, and a total of 38 chemical components were identified [26]. Ma Xizhong used supercritical fluid extraction technology to determine C. There are more than thirty compounds in the volatile components of deserticola, and they are divided into three categories: normal alkanes C16-C28, and three main components of ester compounds are dibutyl phthalate and sebacic acid. The oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing compounds of butyl ester and diisooctyl phthalate are mainly eugenol, followed by vanillin and isoeugenol [27].
5. Others
Hiromi Kobayashi from C. Salsa can be divided into [12] 8-Hydroxygeraniol1-β-D-glucopyranoside, C16 H18O7·1/2H2O (40) colorless crystal mp 58-60℃［α］2D3.5－35.8°; D-mannitol; β-sitosterol; succinic acid; β-sitosterol-β-D-glucopyranoside [17] and syringin (Syringin) [20] (41) C16H24O9 colorless needle crystal mp188－189℃［α］20D －12 ．3°. From C. Tubulosa [18] scored 20-Hydroxyecdysone (42) mp 240-241°C [α] 25D + 70.0°; and 6-Deoxycatalpol.
Luo Shangsu waited C. Mannitol was obtained from deserticola and its amino acid content was determined [25]. Chen Miaohua et al. C. Destercola can be divided into β-sitosterol, carotene, succinic acid, coffee sugar ester, triacontanol and betaine [28]. Zhang Shuyun on before and after concocting C. The content of betaine in deserticola was compared and analyzed [29]. Tu Pengfei et al. C. Desterticola flowers are divided into 6-deoxycatalpol and galactitol [30]. From Xu Wenhao C. Desterticola can be divided into glucose, sucrose, betaine, succinic acid, mannitol, β-sitosterol, carotene, etc. [23]. Xue Dejun from C. Tubulosa can be divided into β-sitosterol, D-mannitol, D-glucose, D-fructose, carotene, succinic acid, etc. [31]. Different from the place of origin C. Heteropolysaccharides were separated from deserticola, and qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out. It was found that the types of monosaccharides contained in Cistanche deserticola from different places of production were different, the content of polysaccharides was different, and the monosaccharide components of heteropolysaccharides were also different [32]. Xu Zhaohui et al. C. There are 10 compounds in deserticola: cistanche, catalpol, syringin, salidroside, 2 5-dioxo-4-imidazolidine-carbamic acid, mannitol, stearic acid, β-sitosterol, Carrot glycosides, betaine [21]. Chen Xiaodong and others also analyzed the Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, Po, and P contained in it. The content of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese is higher than that of general Chinese medicine [33]. In the early years, it was also reported that cistanche base and cistanche glycoside were obtained from Cistanche [34].
Cistanche
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