General Situation Of Research On Cistanche Deserticola Polysaccharide Pharmacological Effects

Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

Abstract

Cistanche deserticola has been listed as a national grade II protected plant. which contains a variety of active ingredients, with polysaccharides as one of the main active components, The main pharmacological actions and mechanisms of C.deserticola polysaccharide, such as immunoregulation, anti-aging effect, improvement of spleen deficiency, anti-virus, and anti-tumor activity, are reviewed in this paper.

Keyword: Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide; extraction process; pharmacological effect action mechanism

Cistanche is a traditional Chinese medicine for replenishing yang with excellent effects and is known as the "desert ginseng" [1] It has received widespread attention at home and abroad in the past 20 years. Due to the shortage of sources, it has been listed as a national second-level protected plant. Studies have shown that PI, polysaccharides from most medicinal plants, have significant biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory and liver protection, and anti-tumor. This article mainly reviews the pharmacological effects and mechanism of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide in order to provide help for its rational utilization.

1 Background

1.1 Germplasm resources of Cistanche

The original plant of Cistanche is a parasitic plant of the genus Cistanche, a plant of the family Lydanaceae. There are about 20 species in the world. The plants of the genus Cistanche are mainly distributed in the desert areas of the northwestern region. After more than 20 years of field investigation and comparison of a large number of specimens [3-5], it is determined that there are 5 species of Cistanche deserticola (C. deserticola YC Ma) in China, which are distributed in parts of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang, and are parasitic in Haloxylon ammodendron. And the root of Haloxylon; C. Sinensis G. Beck, distributed in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, and other places. Common hosts are Reaumuria Vulgaris, Pearl firewood, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Caragana tibetica, Bawang, Si C. tubulosa (Schenk) R. Wight, distributed in southern Xinjiang, parasitizing on the roots of Tamarix plants; C. salsa (CA Mey.) G. Beck ], distributed in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang, and other places, there are many hosts, such as salt claw, twig salt claw, convex pointed salt claw, red sand, pearl firewood, Suaeda fruit, Nitraria, Achnatherum splendens, etc.; C. salsa var. albifl ora PF Tuet ZC Lou, distributed in Ningxia and Xinjiang, parasitic on the roots of pearl wood.

1.2 Chemical composition

Tu Pengfei [6] and others conducted a systematic study on the chemical components of domestic Cistanche plants. A total of 101 compounds were isolated and identified. They found that the chemical components of Cistanche from different germplasms had no significant difference in composition. The significant difference in content was mainly benzene. Glycosides. Through the method of immunomodulatory activity tracking, the first systematic study of the desert Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide was carried out, and 17 new polysaccharides were isolated and identified. It can be seen that there are many kinds of polysaccharides in Cistanche, which is worthy of our in-depth understanding and exploration of its pharmacological effects and mechanism of action.

1.3 Extraction process

For polysaccharide compounds, the hot water extraction method or water extraction method is generally used to assist microwave, ultrasonic, enzymatic hydrolysis, and other processes for crude extraction. In the early days, Zeng Qunli P impregnated the crushed Cistanche with hot ethanol, and then extracted it with boiling water, followed by ethanol precipitation, neutral enzyme combined with Sevag method to deproteinize, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-200 gel filter layer Analyze, get Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide. In order to better develop and utilize Cistanche cistanche, researchers are constantly looking for new technology for the extraction of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides that is energy-saving and time-saving, and has a high extraction rate. For example, Xiao Daoanhui used the orthogonal method to optimize the process of using Tween 60 to synergize the ultrasonic extraction of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides, and the effect was very good; Teng Liping Ping, by comparing 4 different extraction methods, found that ultrasonic. Microwave synergistic extraction has the best effect.

2 The pharmacological effects and mechanism of cistanche polysaccharides

2.1 Regulation of immune activity

Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has the functions of promoting the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), promoting the proliferation of immune cells, promoting the phagocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system, and promoting the release of mature thymic cells to the periphery [10].

2.1.1 Promoting the proliferation of lymphocytes

Zeng Qunli et al. [7] used the thiazole blue (MTT) colorimetric in vitro observation method and found that the Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide promotes the release of Ca2+ in lymphocytes, causing the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulating the expression of the IL-2 gene. Promote the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Higher concentration of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can not only resist the inhibitory effect of high concentration of tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β) on the proliferation of lymphocytes, but also synergistically promote the proliferation of lymphocytes with a low concentration of TNF-β, and can also resist isopropyl The inhibitory effect of epinephrine (ISO) and dexamethasone (DEX) on lymphocyte proliferation. Wang Chengrong et al. [11] confirmed that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and enhance the ability of T cells to secrete IL-2.

2.1.2 Enhancing the activity of phagocytic cells

The study by Zhang Tao et al. [12] showed that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides can regulate the immune function by enhancing the phagocytic power of THP-1 cells and promoting the release of cytokines, which is consistent with the experimental results of Cai Ruslan et al. [13]. In addition, Wang Xiangyan et al. [14] found that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can significantly improve the phagocytosis and secretion function of macrophages.

2.2 Anti-aging

At present, people's research on the mechanism of aging has gradually deepened, resulting in theories such as free radicals, telomeres, genes, and mitochondria [15]. Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides have anti-aging effects in a variety of ways.

2.2.1 Scavenging of free radicals

Organisms will produce a variety of free radicals during their metabolism. Free radicals can disrupt the normal metabolism of proteins, accelerate lipid peroxidation, and even destroy bases. Years of research have shown that free radicals are the main cause of aging. Wang Guowei et al. [16] have shown that Xinjiang Cistanche Polysaccharide is a natural antioxidant with significant efficacy, which can scavenge many free radicals such as superoxide free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and singlet oxygen, and the scavenging effect is positively correlated with the concentration of polysaccharides. sex. Sun Yun et al. [17] studied the effects of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides on lung nitric oxide and cell apoptosis in aging mice, and the results showed that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides can significantly increase serum and lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduce nitric oxide Concentration, inhibit lung tissue cell apoptosis, thereby delaying lung senescence, and this effect is related to the dose, high, medium and low three doses, the high dose has the best effect. Wu Bo et al. [18] studied the effects of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides on D-galactose-induced aging in mice and observed that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides can increase the activity of SOD in serum and liver to varying degrees, thereby causing lipid peroxides (LPO). obviously deceased. This conclusion is consistent with the research results of Sun Yun et al. [19] and Wang Xiaowen [20]. also, Wang Xiyao [21] found that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can increase hydroxyproline and collagen fiber The production of vitamins reduces the accumulation of lipofuscin in the body, thereby delaying skin aging old.

2.2.2 Effect on telomerase activity

Zhang Hongquan[22] found that a sufficient dose of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharide can restore the low activity of telomerase in the heart and brain tissues of mice to normal levels, thereby delaying the senescence of tissue cells, and at the same time, it has an effect on liver tissue. No significant effect.

2.2.3 Effect on mitochondria

Mitochondria are the main oxygen-consuming part of the cell and the main place to produce free radicals. Xu Hui et al. [23] found that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides can significantly improve liver mitochondrial membrane fluidity and respiratory chain complex I+III, II+III activities in D-galactose-induced aging model rats, and significantly reduce liver mitochondrial malondialdehyde (MDA). ) Content, phospholipase A2 (PLA2 activity), thereby improving the antioxidant capacity of mitochondria, improving the energy metabolism of mitochondria, and delaying aging.

2.3 The effect on the learning and memory impairment model

Yin Ruoxi et al. [24] studies have shown that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides can significantly increase the expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and growth-related protein 43 (GAP-43) in mice with learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine. The number of synapses in the hippocampus enhances the plasticity of nerve synapses and relieves the performance of learning disabilities. Ma Hui et al. [25] observed that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides can increase SOD activity in brain tissue of aging mice induced by D-galactose, reduce MDA content, improve neuronal damage in the brain tissue, and activate the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway to improve learning Memory impairment. Yin Gang et al [26] observed that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides can increase the expression of Bcl-2, reduce the expression of caspase-3, inhibit hippocampal neuron apoptosis, and improve the learning and memory ability of Alzheimer's disease model rats.

2.4 Effect on a spleen deficiency model

Shi Huifang et al. studied the effect of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharide on the rat model of spleen deficiency and diarrhea induced by rhubarb, and the results showed that cistanche polysaccharide can increase the activity of digestive enzymes such as pepsin and salivary amylase in the spleen deficiency model group, and alleviate the feed consumption of rats. The decrease in weight and weight growth rate can significantly improve digestive function; clinically, it has a good effect on the treatment of digestive disorders. Xu Zhengxin et al. [8] studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide has a significant recovery effect on the weight loss of mice with liver depression and spleen deficiency caused by carbon tetrachloride.

2.5 Antiviral and antitumor effects

Wang Chengrong et al. [11 found that Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can significantly increase the content of interferon y (IFN-y) in peripheral blood. After IFN-y binds to the corresponding receptor on the cell surface, it can induce the cell to synthesize antiviral protein, thereby inhibiting the reproduction of the virus: IFN-y can also enhance or initiate the host's immune response to tumor cells, promote immune cells to produce cytotoxic effects, and kill tumor cells. Zhang Hongquan et al. P9 observed that Cistanche cistanche polysaccharide can significantly inhibit Lewis lung cancer and S sarcoma, possibly by increasing the activity of natural killer cells (NKC) and IL-2. Has Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides become an adjuvant drug for tumor treatment3, but the specific mechanism of action remains to be studied.

2.6 Effects on the hematopoietic system

Chen Zhiwei et al. studied the regulatory effect of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides on hematopoiesis in mice with myelosuppressive anemia. The results showed that cistanche polysaccharides can significantly promote bone marrow G, /G1 phase cells to S phase cells and S phase cells to G, /M phase cells. Transformation can promote the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes and erythroid hematopoietic progenitor cells, reduce bone marrow suppression, and promote hematopoiesis.

3 Research prospects

Cistanche cistanche polysaccharide has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation, anti-aging, improvement of spleen deficiency, anti-virus, anti-tumor, and promotion of hematopoiesis. It is worthy of further research and development. To expand the development and utilization of Cistanche cistanche polysaccharides, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the resource distribution, biological characteristics, cultivation techniques, chemical components, pharmacological effects, processing, and extraction of Cistanche.

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