Part 2 Cancerous Changes Occur When Genetic Mutations Cause Cells To Multiply Too Quickly

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According to biologists, all things being equal, the larger the animal and the longer it lives, the higher the likelihood of cellular cancer. The reason is simple: cancerous changes occur when genetic mutations cause cells to multiply too quickly. And a longer lifespan creates more opportunities for these cancerous mutations to occur. The same is true for huge bodies: large organisms with more cells likewise create more opportunities for cancerous mutations in cells.

A long natural lifespan + large body are two conditions that superimpose more opportunities for cancerous mutations in cells. Elephants, however, are a special case. Their natural lifespan is between 60 and 70 years, their bodies are huge, and they are the largest land animals in the world, yet scientists have found that cancer rarely afflicts them.

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Animals possess a very good immune system, and they can resist certain diseases that humans can not. We would suggest using cistanche, cistanche para que serve and it's a good supplement.

As you can see from the graph above, the total number of cells in humans is about 37.2 trillion, and the total number of cells in elephants is 3720 trillion, a difference of two orders of magnitude. However, the probability of cancer in humans is 11% to 25%, while the probability of cancer in elephants is only 4.81%, which is much lower than that of humans.

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A new study delves into this considerable mystery, showing that elephants possess additional copies of multiple genes associated with tumor suppression.

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During the course of the study, the scientists found that this phenomenon is not unique to elephants. The study concluded that replication of tumor suppressor genes is quite common in both extant and extinct relatives of elephants, including small animals like the golden-horned mole-rat and the elephant shrew, the scientists said. These data suggest that tumor suppression capacity coincides with the evolution of unusually large organisms that facilitate this development.

The study was published in the journal eLife by biologists Vincent Lynch of the University at Buffalo and Juan Manuel Vazquez of the University of California, Berkeley.

"Previously scientists found a pattern that when a certain animal has a huge body, they should have an increased cancer burden because something with a big body has more cells," Dr. Lynch said in fact, but this is not true across species, and these scientists ignored other factors - -a long-standing paradox in evolutionary medicine and cancer biology that suggests evolution has found a way to reduce cancer risk.

In this new study, scientists explore how elephants and their extant and extinct relatives evolved to be cancer-resistant. Dr. Lynch's past research has looked at TP53, a well-known tumor suppressor. This time, they found that TP53 is not the only suppressor in the elephant genome and that they have many additional copies of oncogenes that may contribute to cancer resistance.

Although many of elephants' closely related species have additional copies of tumor suppressor genes, the scientists found that the elephant genome has some unique repeats that may suppress tumors through genes involved in DNA repair, resistance to oxidative stress, and cell growth, aging, and death.

By determining how many better ways large, long-lived species have evolved to suppress cancer, we can learn something new about how evolution works and hopefully find ways to use that knowledge to inspire new cancer treatments, Dr. Vazquez said.

A related mystery: How did giant sloths and ancient giant armadillos evolve to be so huge?

Elephants are a good case study for understanding the evolution of cancer resistance because they are mammals. micronized purified flavonoid fraction tablet uses The study looked for additional copies of tumor suppressor genes in the DNA of Asian and African savanna and African forest elephants, as well as in the genomes of several closely related species, such as the golden-horned mole, elephant shrew, oteflavonoid rock hyena, manatee, extinct woolly mammoth, and extinct mastodon. The team also studied other species and found some additional copies of oncogenes in the genomes of these animals.

In light of this discovery, Lynch wondered if the copies of oncogenes could, in turn, help the evolution of other ancient large carcasses in these groups. Simply put, was it because these animals had a natural advantage in oncogenes that they had the opportunity to evolve to be so large? polyphenols benefits For example, giant sloths and giant armadillos. Because those animals that did not have this advantage lost to cancer in their attempts to evolve to be even bigger.

Lynch said, "If you choose a strange mammal, it's likely to be in these groups, saline cistanche like armadillos, aardvarks, sloths, anteaters, all these strange mammals. We found that in all of these organisms, the organisms we studied seemed to have extra copies of tumor suppressor genes."

"That's probably why there were giant sloths and ancient giant armadillos during the last ice age. standardized cistanche There was even an extinct manatee, called the Steller's manatee, which was very large. The extra replication of tumor suppressor factors may have helped all of these animals become very large."

To solve this mystery, scientists need to confirm whether these animals had the advantage of extra copies of tumor suppressor genes first, or whether they advanced to become so huge.

This article is edited by Wecistanche