How does Cistanche play a neuroprotective role: prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's?

Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

1. Anti-Alzheimer's disease

AD stands for senile dementia, and it is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system with progressive cognitive impairment and memory impairment as the main clinical manifestations. The pathological characteristics are the senile plaques formed by the deposition of B-amyloid peptides outside the cerebral cortex and hippocampal neurons and the abnormal aggregation of tau protein in the brain neurons to form neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, the decrease of acetylcholinergic neurons in the brain tissue of AD patients leads to the decrease of the neurotransmitter ACh.

Cistanche deserticola has many effects, click here to know more

1.1 The anti-AD effect of Cistanche

Liu Fengxia and others prepared AD mouse models by injecting quinolinic acid into the brain ventricle. The study found that the total glycosides of cistanche can increase the learning and memory level of AD mice, reduce the increase in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissue caused by QA, and increase the super Oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH.Px) activity, reduce acetylcholinesterase (ChE) activity, brain cell apoptosis rate and calcium accumulation in brain tissue. In addition, GCs can also improve the decline of learning and memory in AD mouse models caused by AB and aluminum trichloride. It can reduce the content of MDA in the brain tissue of AD mice, increase the activities of SOD16 and GSH-Px, and reduce the rate of apoptosis. The expression of Bax is weakened and the expression of Bcl-2 is enhanced.

Wang Qing conducted research on the anti-AD efficacy of GCs capsules and found that oral GCs capsules have therapeutic effects on AD patients, which can improve patients' cognitive ability, improve patients' self-care ability, and delay the progress of dementia. Its effect is similar to AD treatment drugs. Donepezil hydrochloride tablets are similar, but the adverse reactions of GCs capsules are significantly lower than those of donepezil hydrochloride tablets. In addition, the price of GCs capsules is moderate, which is significantly lower than donepezil hydrochloride tablets and is easily accepted by patients. Wang Qing believes that it is an anti-AD drug worth promoting.

Echinacoside is one of the components of Cistanche phenethyl alcohol glycosides. Studies have shown that echinacoside can significantly increase the total protein content and total antioxidant capacity of the brain tissue of AD model SAMP/8 mice, and reduce ChE activity and serum content. Since the content of interleukin-2.

In addition, the cimicifuga glycoside (acteoside) in the phenylethanoid glycosides of Cistanche deserticola is against A. The resulting SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity has a protective effect, improving cell survival, reducing cell apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome C, and the clearance of caspase-3.

1.2. Related mechanisms of Cistanche against AD

Cistanche has a good anti-AD effect, and its related mechanisms include enhancing the activity of free radical scavenging enzymes, reducing lipid peroxidation, inhibiting cell apoptosis, inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species, and regulating apoptotic signal pathways. In addition, the extract of Cistanche can increase SH. The protein expression level of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and subunits in SYSY cells protects against cell damage caused by AIS.

2. Anti-Parkinson's disease

PD is a neurodegenerative disease common in middle-aged and elderly people. Its main pathological feature is the progressive degeneration and necrosis of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain, and the presence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of residual neurons in The Lewy body. PD is the second-largest neurodegenerative disease after AD. Its incidence is 1% to 2% among people 65 years of age and older, and it increases with age. The main clinical symptoms of PD patients are static tremor, muscle stiffness, slow movement, gait disturbance, and posture instability, etc., and their quality of life has been severely affected.

Research by Geng et al. confirmed that Cistanche deserticola extract phenethyl alcohol total glycosides can significantly improve 1． Methyl 4. Phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP) induced the behavioral characteristics of the C57BL/6 mouse PD model, increased The content of DA in the striatum and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra. In addition, Phenylethanol Glucoside can effectively inhibit the decrease of rat cerebellar granule cell viability and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-g caused by methyl 4-phenylpyridineion (MPP).

Studies have shown that echinacoside can also improve the behavioral defects of PD mice caused by MPTP, increase the DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (ho -The content of movmficacid (HVA) increases the expression of TH in the substantia nigra, and inhibits the activation of casl~se-3 and caspase-8 in cerebellar granule cells. Zhao Xin et al. studied its mechanism from the perspective of proteomics and found that echinacoside can reduce the overexpression of biliverdin reductase B, suggesting that it may reduce biliverdin reductase B caused by oxidative stress through anti-oxidation. The increase in cytotoxicity protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress damage. Echinacoside can also inhibit the reduction of dopaminergic neurons, DA and dopamine transporters in the substantia nigra of PD mice caused by MPI'P, and increase glial cell-derived trophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) mRNA and protein expression levels are reduced · 888 · ChinPharm J, June 2011, Vo 1.46 No. 12 Apoptosis, reducing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA and protein". In the rat PD model caused by hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), echinacoside can increase the extracellular fluid of the striatum. DA and DOPAC and high HVA content.

Cistanche tubulosa can also significantly improve the behavioral performance of MPTP-induced C57 mice, increase the content of DA in the striatum, the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and the synuclein protein in the substantia nigra level. Research by Gao Yan et al. showed that cimicifugaoside can counteract the damage of dopaminergic neuron SH-SY5Y cells caused by rotenone, reduce the release of cellular lactate dehydrogenase, inhibit the degradation of PD-related protein Parkin and. Dimer formation of synuclein protein.

Deng Min et al. studied the effect of cistanche extract verbascoside on MPP-induced SH. The impact of SY5Y cell damage. Experiments show that verbascoside can increase cell survival rate, reduce cell apoptosis rate and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, restore the high-energy state of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibit the activity of caspase-3, and increase the expression of Bcl-2.

Cistanche Anti-Parkinson's disease

3. Improve learning and memory skills

The activity of Cistanche extract GCs to improve memory impairment has been systematically studied, including GCs on ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced memory dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia, and hydrocortisone-induced learning and memory dysfunction in mice with kidney-yang deficiency, Scopolamine-induced impairment of learning and memory in mice, sodium nitrite-induced impairment of learning and memory in mice, and ethanol-induced impairment of learning and memory in mice. It was found that GCs have an improved effect on the behavioral indicators of the above-mentioned memory impairment animal models. Reduce the number of errors in the water maze experiment, increase the percentage of correct responses, shorten the time to reach the end, and extend the latency of the platform jumping experiment [22-25].

4. Protect cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion cause a large number of neuronal degeneration and necrosis, leading to severe brain damage. The mechanisms include the increased release of excitatory amino acids, intracellular calcium overload, free radical production, a large release of nitric oxide (NO), and immune inflammation Response, etc. Meng Xinzhen et al. [27 established a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model by ligating the right common carotid artery in mice, and observed the protective effect of Cistanche glycosides on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in conscious mice. The results show that GCs can reduce stroke index, cerebral infarction percentage, brain tissue MDA content, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and increase brain tissue SOD activity. After treating SD rats with GCs, Zhu Zucheng established a reperfusion model of cerebral ischemia in rats and observed the effects of GCs on the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, -aminobutyric acid, and glycine in the brain tissue. The results show that GCs can reduce the content of aspartic acid in the brain tissue of rats after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, suggesting that the mechanism of GCs against ischemic brain injury may be related to the increase of excitatory amino acid after reperfusion against cerebral ischemia.

In addition, echinacoside also has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia in rats. It can reduce the apoptosis of hippocampal nerve cells caused by cerebral ischemia and the monoamine neurotransmitter norepinephrine (norepinephrine) in the extracellular fluid of the striatum. , NE), DA, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), DOPAC, HVA, and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (HIAA) content.

5. others

Xuan Guodong et al. studied the anti-aging effects of Cistanche phenylethanoid glycosides on D-galactose-induced aging model mice. The results showed that compared with the model group, the number of learning and memory errors in the phenethyl alcohol glycoside group was reduced, the learning response period was shortened, and the memory latency period was prolonged. The phenethyl alcohol glycoside can significantly increase the SOD activity of the mouse brain tissue. Wang Xinyuan et al. found that in the D-galactose-treated mouse group, the neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region showed abnormalities such as shrinkage of cell bodies, reduced protrusions, reduced mitochondria in the cytoplasm, and extremely irregular nuclei, while GCs had an effect on |D galactose aging model mice. The ultrastructure of the hippocampus showed a dose-dependent protective effect. In the high-dose GCs group, there were increased neuronal organelles, round nuclei, and uniform chromatin distribution in the hippocampal CA1 area of the mouse group, which were similar to the morphological structure of the normal control group.

The efficacy of oral GCs in 37 patients with vascular dementia was analyzed, and it was found that GCs can significantly improve the cognitive function of patients with vascular dementia, reduce the degree of dementia, and improve the daily self-care ability of patients.

6 . Summary and Outlook

The traditional Chinese medicine Cistanche is a traditional Chinese medicine for nourishing kidney yang, but modern pharmacological studies have revealed many new functions and activities. In neuropharmacology, Cistanche has a wide range of functions, and related drugs have already been used in the clinic. I believe that as the research on Cistanche tubulosa continues, we will discover its new functions or mechanisms to provide new ideas for the development of Cistanche-related medicines. Especially with the advent of an aging society, the aging population and related diseases are increasing, which brings a heavy burden to society. The protective role of Cistanche in neuropharmacology will bring hope for solving aging-related diseases.

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