Review Of Sociological Studies On Domestic H Omosexual Groups

https://www.xjcistanche.com/news/how-long-does-it-take-for-cistanche-to-work-58586846.html[Abstract] As a subcultural phenomenon, homosexuality has attracted widespread attention from academia and society. At present, domestic sociologists mainly conduct research from a constructivist perspective, using qualitative research methods and focusing on four key themes: homosexual individuals, groups, society, and family. The depth and breadth of research on the Chinese homosexual community needs to be improved. In the future, more attention should be paid to adopting an interdisciplinary perspective to analyze the homosexual community, broaden the research perspective, and promote the development of research content to a deeper level.

[Keywords] Homosexuality; Sociology; Comment

 

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The term homosexuality was first proposed by French doctor Benkert in 1869. It is mainly used to describe the phenomenon that people cannot have sexual responses to the opposite sex, but can be attracted to the same sex[1]. In the book "Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders"[2], homosexuality is defined as the continuous expression of sexual tendencies towards members of the same sex from adolescence under normal living conditions, including romantic thoughts, feelings and sexual behaviors. In addition to the definition of homosexuality, the four themes of homosexual individuals, groups, society and family are also core issues of concern to the domestic sociological community. Therefore, this article will use the four research themes as a framework and divide them into three perspectives: micro, meso and macro. It will introduce in detail the theories, contents and methods involved in different research themes, in order to systematically sort out and summarize the research results of homosexuality in China.

 

1 Micro perspective: Research on homosexual individuals

In sociology, individuals are the most basic terminal units of human society. Individual behaviors not only affect their own lives, but also the people around them and the entire society. Therefore, this article also starts with individuals when sorting out research related to homosexuality. Domestic research on homosexual individuals mainly focuses on three aspects: factors that form individual homosexual orientation, individual homosexual identity, and social interaction of homosexual individuals.

1.1 Factors that form individual homosexual orientation

In the analysis of factors that form individual homosexual orientation, dualism is a common view. This view points out that self-factors and social factors are two important factors that affect the formation of homosexual orientation. Self-factors include genetics, hormones, and brain structure; social factors include childhood experiences, family environment, and social environment. The two correspond to the two theories of essentialism and constructivism, respectively, and sociologists generally tend to the latter. Professor Li Yinhe proposed the theory of blank occupation, which holds that the gender role of a child depends on which sexual behavior guided by parents to occupy this blank first [3]; Zhang Yanfang et al. [4] also supported this view and further explained that the sexual orientation of an individual in early childhood is influenced by the teaching methods of parents and the family environment.

 

1.2 Individual homosexual identity and social interaction

 

In the process of individual homosexual identity, perception, confusion and identification are the three stages generally recognized by the academic community. For these three stages, the academic community adopts a staged individual study or integrates them into a continuous dynamic process for holistic research. Li Bingnan et al. [5] used the case interview method to interview some homosexual people through the Internet and summarized some performance characteristics of the interviewees at each stage; Wang Qingfeng [6] believed that the self-identification of homosexual identity is strengthened by homosexual consumerism, and the unique sexual identity also leads to a pessimistic living situation. Domestic sociologists believe that young homosexuals in my country are facing a rift between tradition and modernity. On the one hand, they are deeply bound by the traditional "old self" thinking, and on the other hand, they want to rebuild the "new self" and discourse system, ultimately forming a "discounted self" [7].

 

The social interaction of homosexual individuals often presents the characteristics of an "inverse differential order". Unlike the "differential order" proposed by Fei Lao [8], in which blood relations occupy the core circle, blood relations in the "inverse differential order" are usually located in the outer circle of individual social interaction. Yuan E et al. [9] found through studying the "inverse differential order" of homosexual individuals' social interaction that the social interaction of homosexual individuals can be divided into three categories: intimate inner circle, transitional circle and hidden outer circle.

These three circles correspond to three types of people: the inner circle people who share a common identity with the self, the transitional circle people who have common interests and close working relationships, and the outer circle people who have blood relations [6].

2 Meso-perspective: Research on homosexual groups and families

 

Groups and families, the former has its own subculture and cohesion, and is an inevitable product of the social production process; the latter has the function of stabilizing the social structure, and is also the basic unit for reproduction and continuation of species. A family is a group formed based on blood or physiological connections between members. At present, the academic community's research on homosexual groups mainly focuses on the geographical distribution of the group and the group's subculture. In terms of family, the academic community focuses on the study of homosexual families coming out and wives of homosexuals.

 

2.1 Geographical distribution and subculture of homosexual groups

 

Research on the geographical distribution of homosexual groups is relatively rare. The academic community divides them into two categories based on the differences in time and space: "simultaneous but different spaces" and "same space but different time". "Simultaneous but different spaces" mainly explores the characteristics of homosexual groups in different geographical areas at the same time, while "same space but different time" mainly explores the characteristics of homosexual activities in a fixed geographical area over time. When Wei Wei [10] studied the local homosexual group in Chengdu, he found that teahouses were deeply loved by homosexual groups because of their entertainment, anonymity, openness and freedom. Therefore, "Piao Piao" (i.e. homosexuals) from all social classes can build their own social activity group space in teahouses. However, teahouses, which were originally used as gathering places for "Piao Piao" groups, have gradually been replaced by online virtual communities and modern gay bars with the changing times. Feng Jian et al. [11] also confirmed this view in their study of the homosexual community in Beijing.

Unlike the study of the geographical distribution of the group, the study of the group's subculture is more detailed. The academic community generally believes that the group has built its own discourse system and social circle based on local culture and foreign culture, and in order to hide its identity in the mainstream society, the homosexual community tends to build a discourse system from the mainstream social and cultural circle. This discourse system not only has the function of blurring one's identity and reducing the disturbance in life, but also has the effect of breaking language centrism and rebuilding the "host-guest" equal relationship.
For example, when using words to represent male or female groups, "TAs" and "cabinet and coming out" are used [12]. In addition, in order to make up for the physiological obstacles and increase sexual pleasure and sexual stimulation, the homosexual community has become addicted to drugs, forming a unique drug-taking subculture [13]. With the rapid popularization and application of the Internet, online virtual communities have gradually become the hiding place of the homosexual community.

 

Unlike the study of geographical distribution of groups, the study of group subculture is more detailed. The academic community generally believes that this group has built its own discourse system and social circle based on local culture and foreign culture, and in order to hide its identity in the mainstream society, the homosexual group tends to build a discourse system from the mainstream social and cultural circle. This discourse system not only has the function of blurring its own identity and reducing the disturbance in life, but also has the effect of breaking language centrism and rebuilding the equal relationship between "host and guest".
For example, when expressing male or female groups in words, "TAs" and "cabinet and coming out" are used [12]. In addition, in order to make up for the physiological obstacles and increase sexual pleasure and sexual stimulation, the homosexual group is involved in drug abuse, forming a unique drug-taking subculture [13]. With the rapid popularization and application of the Internet, online virtual communities have gradually become hidden communities for homosexual groups, and the phenomenon of online drug co-abuse is common, which requires the attention of relevant departments. In the study of subculture, the author believes that the homosexual group in my country has not built its own unique subculture, which relies on mainstream culture. At the same time, because the homosexual phenomenon in my country has its history but no culture, and the domestic homosexual subculture is largely influenced by Western homosexual culture. Therefore, when analyzing my country's homosexual subculture, domestic sociologists must refer to local culture and foreign homosexual culture.

2.2 Coming out of homosexual families and wives of homosexuals

The family is located in the core circle of the "differential pattern" and is a blood group in the primary group. The academic community divides family coming out research into three categories. The first category is "acceptance without coming out", which is mainly influenced by traditional Chinese ideas. Families find it difficult to accept that their relatives are homosexuals, so they are forced to hide their children's sexual identities. Yin Yue [14] studied the book "Parent-Child Relationship after Coming Out: The Sociology of Homosexuality and Family" written by Japanese scholar Mibe Junko and found that the book interviewed many parents of homosexuals, all of whom said that they could not accept their children's homosexuality and even blamed themselves for not being able to raise a normal child.
The second category is "siege-style coming out", which means first coming out to relatives and friends who are more likely to accept it, and then using their power to besiege parents and force them to accept their children's sexual orientation [15]. The third category is the "reverse order" of coming out, that is, homosexuals start from the most easily accepted periphery, and then come out steadily and sequentially as other conditions come into being.
In the research on wives of gay men, the formation mechanism and identity construction research are the focus of academic attention. In terms of formation mechanism, many scholars believe that wives of gay men are a special group in my country. They are the product of the traditional Chinese family-oriented thinking. The family-oriented thinking of "men should get married when they are old enough and women should get married when they are old enough" makes wives of gay men "sacrifices" [16]. In terms of identity construction, the mass media leads to the formation of the identity construction of "wife of gay men" in order to cater to cultural hegemony. The wife of gay men with constructed identities can only rely on the virtual community on the Internet for self-salvation [17]. Tang Kuiyu et al. [18] also found that the plight of the wife of gay men in real life is marginalized, and they are prone to seek help and gather in the virtual community on the Internet. Because this type of research is difficult, many researchers find it difficult to contact or find the wives of gay men themselves, and during the interview process, the group has many concerns and often cannot tell everything. Large-scale interviews are even more impossible to conduct.