The Chemical Components Of Cistanche Deserticola

In the early 1980s, with the development of natural medicinal chemistry, Japanese scholars began to conduct extensive research on the chemical components of the genus Cistanche. In the late 1980s, domestic scholars began to pay attention to the chemical composition of domestic Cistanche deserticola and published multiple research reports. The quality standards of Cistanche deserticola were also continuously improved with the deepening of research. With the rapid development of separation and extraction technology, various chemical components have been obtained from plants of the genus Cistanche, mainly including phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids and their glycosides, lignans, and glycosides. The author of this book, based on their scientific research work, has consulted numerous literature materials published since 1983 and summarized that 34 phenylethanoid glycosides, 21 cyclic ether terpenes and their glycosides, 9 monoterpenes and their glycosides, 21 volatile components, and 9 lignans and their glycosides have been isolated from Cistanche deserticola.

Main Chemical Constituents of Cistanche deserticola

1, Extraction and Separation of Chemical Constituents from Cistanche Deserticola

There are many methods for extracting and separating chemical components from Cistanche deserticola, and many scholars and experts have obtained different compounds using different extraction methods and solvents.

Among the phenylethanol glycosides contained in Cistanche deserticola, the main chemical composition indicators for testing the quality of Cistanche deserticola are mainly quercetin and piloside. The formulation of quality standards for Cistanche deserticola has been continuously improving with the deepening of research, from the absence of chemical composition indicators to the main detection indicators of echinoside and piloside. At different times, different experts and scholars have analyzed and compared different types, parts, growth stages, wild and cultivated, and production areas of Cistanche deserticola. We will discuss this in the following chapters. According to the content determination regulations of the 2005 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the content of its indicator components, including quercetin and anthocyanin, is higher than that of Cistanche deserticola. The content of its indicator component, ergosterol, is also limited, and the content of ergosterol in the medicinal herb should not be less than 0.080%. The 2005 edition of the Pharmacopoeia also added a new source plant, Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk) Wight, based on Cistanche deserticola. In addition to the newly added medicinal material Cistanche deserticola, the content of echinoids in the herb must not be less than 1.0%. The content limit of echinoids in Cistanche deserticola has also been increased, which stipulates that the total amount of echinoid and ergosterol in Cistanche deserticola must not be less than 0.30%. Pinellia glycoside and piloside are used as indicator components.

Echinacoside (ECH), also known as sea urchin or echinacoside, chemical name

Echinoside, the main chemical component of Cistanche deserticola

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Glucopyranoside, 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl O-6-deoxyalpha-L manopy-ranosyl - (1-3) - O - [beta-D-glucopyranosyl - (1-6)] -, 4- [3- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2-propeno ate], molecular formula C35H45O20, is an amorphous brownish yellow crystalline powder that is easily soluble in methanol and water. It is a derivative of caffeic acid with various biological activities such as neuroprotection, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune regulation, memory improvement, and anti-tumor effects. In 1950, Echinoside was developed by Swiss scientist Stoll A and his team first extracted Echinacea angustifolia, a plant in the Asteraceae family. As Echinacea belongs to the genus Echinacea, also known as Echinacea, it is named after the genus Echinacea. Afterwards, in the Echinacea genus, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, Lagotis brevituba Maxim. in the Scrophulariaceae family, Echinacea purpurea, and Cistanche genus plants. In 1984, Japanese scholars Kobayashi, H., and others first reported isolation from the salt-borne Cistanche salsa plant of the Cistanche genus (later identified by Shouwu Ming, Tu Pengfei, and others, Kobayashi, H., and others reported that the original salt borne Cistanche plant should be desert Cistanche). In 1987, Kobayashi, H., and others were also isolated from Cistanche tubulosa. In 1993, Chinese scholars such as Du Niansheng reported for the first time the compound was isolated from Cistanche deserticola (actually Kobayashi, H. et al.)

2,Actoside, chemical name

Acteoside, the main chemical component of Cistanche deserticola

1-O [- L Rhamnopyransyl - (13) [3,4 dihydroxy E-cinnamoyl - (4)] - D-glucopyranoside], with the molecular formula C29H36O15, is a white powder, also known as sesamin, ergosterol, eugenoside, syringin, verbenin, and piloside. In 1963, Italian scientists Scarpati M.L. and others first extracted and named this compound from Mediterranean pistil flowers, but they did not provide detailed structural information. Until 1968, German scientists Birkofer L. and others isolated the compound from Syringa vulgaris L., elaborated on its structure, and introduced a new name, acetonide. Afterward, there were various plants in the genus Cistanche, the genus Verbascum L., the family Scrophulariae, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Siphonostegia chinensis Benth, the family Lamiaceae, Stachys geopombycis C.T.Wu, Galeobdplon chinense (Benth.) C.Y.Wu, and Pogostemon cablin (Blanch) Benth Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl, a plant of Oleaceae, dry flowers of wutong Firmiana simplex (L.), a plant of wutong family, and Callicarpa konchiana Champ, a plant of Verbenaceae This compound was isolated from more than 150 plants including Plantago asiatica L. seeds in the family Plantago. According to domestic and foreign literature reports, hairy flower glycosides have activities such as protecting nerves, lowering blood pressure, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, enhancing immunity, and clearing free radicals. In 1984, Japanese scholars Kobayashi, H., and others first reported isolation from the salt-borne Cistanche salsa plant of the Cistanche genus (later identified by Shouwu Ming, Tu Pengfei, and others, Kobayashi, H., and others reported that the original salt borne Cistanche plant should be desert Cistanche). In 1987, Kobayashi, H., and others were also isolated from Cistanche tubulosa. In 1993, Chinese scholars such as Du Niansheng reported for the first time the compound was isolated from Cistanche deserticola (actually Kobayashi, H. et al.)

3, Cyclone ether terpenes and their glycosides

Cyclone ether terpenes are acetal derivatives of malondialdehyde and are one of the main chemical components of the genus Cistanche. These compounds are widely present in the plant kingdom and have various biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. The iridoid glycosides of plants in the genus Cistanche are all glucose monoglycosides, and glucose is mostly linked to the glycoside 1 position; The glycoside often has carboxyl or demethylation at position 4, occasional hydrogenation at positions 3 and 4, hydroxyl groups at positions 6, 7, 8, or 10, and occasional dehydroxylation between positions 7 and 8 to form double bonds or epoxy ether bonds. The hydroxyl groups at positions 10, 1, or 3 occasionally dehydrate to form epoxy structures; The hydrogen at positions 5 and 9 of the aglycone is in the beta configuration. From 1984 to 1985, Hiromi Kobayashi and others isolated 8-ethylenediamine, 7-deoxy-8-ethylenediamine, and geniposide from Cistanche deserticola produced in Inner Mongolia, China. In 1994, Xu Wenhao et al. isolated and identified 8-epirubic acid from genuine Cistanche deserticola. In 2000, Song Zhihong et al. used various chromatographic techniques to separate four iridoid glycosides from Cistanche deserticola, namely 8-epirubiginic acid, pentafolic acid, geniposide, and jasmonic acid. The author of this book, Xie Haihui, isolated 16 monomeric compounds from the methanol extract of dried Cistanche deserticola stem, including 14 cyclic ether terpenes, 1 acyclic monoterpenoid glycoside, and 1 unique cyclic ether containing chlorine atoms.

Phenylethanol glycoside is the main active component of Cistanche deserticola

4, Lignin and phenyl propanol components

Lignan is a natural compound formed by the polymerization of two molecules of phenylpropanoid derivatives, most of which are in a free state, and a few combine with sugars to form glycosides. In 1984-1986, Hiromi Kobayashi isolated turpentine and melanin glycosides from Salicornia deserticola, and two new lignan glycosides were isolated from Salicornia deserticola: Dehydiconiferol alcohol γ '-0-β - D-glucopyranoside and Dehydiconiferol alcohol 4-0-β - glucopyranoside. In 2000, Song Zhihong and others first isolated one lignan glycoside from Cistanche deserticola, which is syringal resin phenolic glucoside.

5, Monoterpenoid components

Currently, 7 monoterpenes and their glycosides have been isolated from plants of the genus Cistanche. This type of compound has methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, double bonds between positions 2 and 3, and double bonds between positions 6, 7, or 7 and 8; Monoterpene compounds often have hydroxyl or carboxyl groups at position 1, and hydroxyl groups at position 8; Monoterpenoid glycosides are all glucose aminoglycosides, with glucose attached at positions 1 or 8 of the aglycone.

6, Volatile components

Zhang Yong et al. analyzed and identified 21 compounds from Cistanche deserticola using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the main components being palmitic acid and linoleic acid.

Main Chemical Constituents of Cistanche deserticola

7, Other components

In 2007, Gong Lidong et al. studied the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides in different types and origins of Cistanche deserticola samples. The results showed that the polysaccharides in Cistanche deserticola from Xinjiang were composed of glucose, rhamnose, galactose, and fructose. Carbohydrates are effective substances in Cistanche deserticola, which have the effects of enhancing yang, enhancing immunity, promoting bowel movements, anti-aging, sedation, and pain relief. The amino acids in Cistanche deserticola from Xinjiang were found to contain 17 types of amino acids, with a total amino acid mass fraction of 7.87%. Among them, there are 7 essential amino acids for the human body, namely threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. There are nine effective amino acids, namely aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine. And inorganic trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ca, Li, Cu, Se, Mo, I, Mg, etc. In the genus Cistanche, there are also steroid compounds such as β - sitosterol, carotene, and ecdysone, glycoside compounds such as mannitol and galactose, acid compounds such as succinic acid and vanillic acid, and alkyl glucosides such as ethyl β - D-glucopyranose.