Why Cistanche Can Improve Learning And Memory,and Anti-aging?
Mar 12, 2022
Research on the chemical constituents of Cistanche and the improvement of intelligence and anti-aging
Contact: joanna.jia@wecistanche.com / WhatsApp: 008618081934791
Wang Yan, Zhang Yaochun, Wang Liwei (Institute of Medicinal Plants, China Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10094)
Abstract: With the increase of the elderly population, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is getting higher and higher. Finding and developing natural medicines with independent intellectual property rights to prevent and treat Alzheimer's and other learning and memory disorders has become one of the research hotspots in recent years. Modern research shows that Cistanche has pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, reducing cell apoptosis, and improving immunity. It can improve intelligence and improve the learning and memory ability of mice. It has the prospect of further research and development. This article summarizes the research results of domestic and foreign research on the chemical composition of Cistanche, anti-aging, and improvement of learning and memory impairment.
Keywords: Cistanche; chemical composition; learning and memory; anti-aging
With the increase of the aging population, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is getting higher and higher. It is estimated that by 2025, the number of people affected by the disease will reach 14 million in the world. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease involving multiple etiological factors characterized by progressive memory and cognitive impairment. Due to the lack of animal models that can better simulate the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease, it brings certain difficulties to the development and research of effective drugs. . Modern research shows that meat paste has pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, scavenging free radicals, reducing cell apoptosis, and improving the immunity of the body. It can improve intelligence and improve the learning and memory ability of mice. It is one of the hotspots of research in recent years.
Cistanche deserticola YCma (Cistanche deserticola YCma) is a dry, scaly-leaved fleshy stem of the Cistanche plant of the Onsanchaeceae genus Cistanche. The effect of nourishing essence and blood, moisturizing the bowel and laxative, has the reputation of "desert ginseng", which was first recorded in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and listed as the top grade. The Cistanche genus plant included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is cistanche. This article analyzes the chemistry of Cistanche in recent years A review of the research results of ingredients, learning and memory, and anti-aging mechanism.
1 Chemical composition of Cistanche [2-4]
The research on the chemical composition of Cistanche began in the early 1980s. From the systematic report of Kobayashi and others in 1983 on the chemical composition of the desert Cistanche, Japanese scholars first did a lot of research work. The chemical constituents of Cistanche have been studied most in the same genus, and 69 compounds have been isolated.
1.1 Phenylethanol glycosides (phenylethanoid glycosides, PhGs)
At present, a total of 17 have been isolated, of which Cistanoside A-H, decaffeovlacteoside, manthuside E, and salidroside are unique to Cistanoside A-H. In addition, it also includes a 2-acetylate side. tubuloside A-B, syringalide A 3"-dL-rhamnopy landside, isonucleoside, acteoside, echinacoside, and other ingredients.
1.2 Cycloalkenyl ethers and their glycosides (iridoids and iridoid glycosides)
At present, 10 of them have been separated, which are 6-deoxycatalpol.8- epiloganie acid, (geniposidic acid) glucoside Leonurine, mussacnowidic acid, iridoid component cistachlorin (Sistani), iridoid glycoside bartsioside-epidoxyloganic acid, among which the latter four are unique to Cistanche.
1.3 lignans and lignan glycosides (lignans and lignan glycosides)
Currently, isolated (+) pinoresinol, liriodendron(+)-syringaresinol-o-glucopyranoside Among them, (+) pinoresinol 3 is a unique ingredient of mashed meat.
1.4 Other ingredients
Including phenol glycosides, monoterpene glycosides, alkaloids, sugars, sugar alcohols, sterols, etc. in galactitol. Cistanoside F(VII), sucrose, cistanoside(VIII), M, N dimethylglycine methyl ester, 2. 5-dioxo-4-imidazolidimyl carbamic acid,- valerolactone, polysaccharides, B-sitosterol. glucoside 3'-0-heptadecoicute(X ), 2-nonacosanone, tria contains acid, bis-2-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate, I-triacontanol, catalpol, and other unique ingredients of Cistanche. Phenylethanol glycosides are the main active components of Cistanche. It has been reported in the literature that chlorogenic acid was used as the internal standard to determine the content of echinacoside in the total glycosides of Cistanche as one of the indicators for quality control of Cistanche. The results are reliable. (5-6)
cistanche can improve memory
2 Pharmacological research on the effects of Cistanche on improving intelligence and anti-aging
2.1 Traditional Chinese medicine theory of the learning, memory and anti-aging effects of meat paste
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the brain is the home of the soul, and thinking and memory are the functions of the brain. "Ben Cao Bei Yao" has long recorded: "The memory of a person is all in the brain." The substance of the brain is the "marrow", that is, the brain is a sea of marrow. "Lingshu·Meridian," says: "Human begins to be born, first becomes refined, refined, and then the brain is born." The formation and development of the brain marrow are closely related to the kidneys. Tonic and tonic, starting with nourishing the kidney and filling essence, regenerating the marrow, and benefiting the brain, in order to achieve the purpose of enhancing wisdom, is an important rule of traditional Chinese medicine Rourong nourishing wisdom. The appearance rate of Cistanche in anti-aging and anti-aging formulas in the past generations is second only to ginseng, ranking second.
2.2 Modern pharmacological research on learning, memory, and anti-aging effects of Cistanche
2.2.1 Effect on the learning and memory model of dementia
Combining traditional Chinese medicine theories and modern molecular biotechnology to establish brain aging and the dementia model to explore the mechanism of action of the traditional Chinese medicine Cistanche. Through the application of ozone experimental aging mouse model, it is tested that the Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide can improve the hypoxia tolerance and antioxidant function of the lungs of aging mice; through the neurotoxin 1-methyl 4-phenyl-12.3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPP) the rat cerebellar granule cell apoptosis model, which proves the protective effect of Campneoside Il on MPP-induced apoptosis; through the DNA damage model caused by OH·, it proves that the total glycosides of sarcoids can effectively eliminate various reactive oxygen species. It protects against DNA damage caused by OH·; the Co-ray damage immune function model shows that Cistanche has a strong protective effect on the immune function of radiation-damaged mice. In addition, it is used for learning, memory, and anti-aging research and can reflect Cistanche. Animal models of pharmacological effects include: ethanol-induced lack of memory reproduction, scopolamine-induced memory impairment, sodium nitrite-induced memory impairment, and other model mice; hydrocortisone-induced decline in learning and memory in mice with kidney-yang deficiency, localization The learning and memory dysfunction caused by focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and the male Kunming mouse model and the mouse natural aging model caused by hydroxyurea all prove that Cistanche has the effects of nourishing the kidney, promoting memory and improving intelligence.
2.2.2 Anti-free radical effect
The theory of free radicals is currently recognized as the theory of aging. The accumulation of a large number of free radicals can cause base damage and genetic mutations; acting on proteins, causing protein metabolism disorders, leading to pulmonary fibrosis; peroxidation of the lipids of highly unsaturated fatty acids can produce increased lipid peroxides, causing protein, Oxidative damage to large molecules such as nucleic acid (DNA). Therefore, the free radical response is closely related to aging, radiation damage, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury, etc. (11-13).
Cistanche desertic polysaccharide (Cistanche desertic polysacchridCDP) can significantly reduce the structural and functional changes caused by ozone-induced lung oxidative damage, and delay the physiological and cytomorphological degenerative changes in the ultrastructure of lung tissue cells in experimental aging mice. Through the Ca2-Phen-H2OViC-DNA luminescence system, the phenoxyethanol glycosides can effectively scavenge various active oxygen free radicals and protect the DNA oxidative damage caused by them. Cistanche extract significantly reduces the human lipid peroxide (LPO) content (15).
Many Cistanche phenyl ethanol glycosides, such as acetonide, 2-acetylated-side, isoacteoaide, tubulose B, significantly inhibit the lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte microsomes induced by NADPH-CCL and inhibit the release of aspartate aminotransferase in the cells. Reduce the hepatocyte toxicity induced by CCL and D-galactosamine. Studies have shown that ascorbic acid/F2 and ADP/NADPH/Fe induced lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte microsomes. The 9 compounds extracted from Cistanche deserticola with acetone-water (9:1) all showed very good results. Strong free radical scavenging effect. It has also been reported that phenoxyethanol glycosides have NO group scavenging effect, which may be one of the mechanisms of Cistanche's anti-inflammatory effect. Using the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin capture method, it is found that cistanche glycosides have a strong scavenging ability on reactive oxygen free radicals generated in vitro; at the same time, they have preventive and repair effects on free radical damage caused by diabetic nephropathy (18 ).
cistanche can anti-aging
Melatonin is a powerful free radical scavenger. Ingestion of melatonin through edible medicinal plants is very important to resist oxidative damage in animals. Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid/mass spectrometry techniques are used to prove the melatonin content in Cistanche deserticola. It is 28ng/gm, and the melatonin in mammalian serum is only at the pg/g level, which has important physiological functions.
2.2.3 Protective effect on apoptosis
Using the theory of cell death to study the mechanism of tonic drugs provides new ideas for the modernization of Chinese medicine. There is a cell death mechanism in the pathological process of central neurodegenerative diseases. Cistanche Polysaccharide (CDP) can significantly increase the SOD activity of the serum and lungs of naturally aging mice, reduce the concentration of NO, significantly inhibit lung tissue cell apoptosis, and improve and delay the degenerative changes of lung tissue cells in aging mice. (7)
Phenyl ethanol glycosides of sarcodes can inhibit D-galactose lipopolysaccharide, neurotoxin MPP-induced cell death, and apoptosis-related pathway tubulose B can significantly alleviate the apoptosis of PC12 neurons induced by MPP, reduce DNA degradation and cell-to-cell apoptosis Set of reactive oxygen radicals. Made with Cistanche Incubate the large and small brain granular cells first and treat them with MPP. It is found that Cam seaside 1 can inhibit DNA ladder lysis, reduce the cell death rate, reduce cell LDH release rate, and improve cell death morphology. (8)
2.2.4 Regulation of immune function
Early studies have proved that the water extract of Cistanche can enhance the function of mononuclear giant cells in mouse cavity and blood, increase the weight of immune organs, and promote specific cellular immune function. Recent studies have found that the total glycosides of meat paste can resist the production of antibodies in mice caused by Co injury, decrease the number of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and have obvious protective effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity and decreased function of luminal giant cells. The humoral immunity of injured mice has varying degrees of regulation.
The D-mannitol and meat polysaccharides of Cistanche can significantly increase the weight of mouse brand organs and enhance cellular immune function. Further research found that the polysaccharides of Cistanche deserticola can significantly increase the secretion of L-2 by mouse brand lymphocytes at higher concentrations (75g/mL, 125g/mL), and -2 can potentially resist the death of normal mouse and human lymphocytes; Against the inhibitory effects of recombinant TNF, isopropyl adrenal gland (SO) and dexamethasone (DEX) on lymphocyte proliferation, it significantly increases the cells in the division phase of the chest cell cycle. Therefore, it is believed that the immunoprotective effect of Cistanche is to promote the proliferation of T cells through the flag polysaccharide, and it is completed by the autocrine of L-2 and other cytokines by T cells. (10)
2.2.5 Effect on the neuroendocrine system
Cistanche can excite the pituitary-adrenal cortex hormone, which has a similar effect as adrenal cortex hormone; it can enhance the luteinizing function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-egg fruit, improve the pituitary's responsiveness to LRH and the egg's responsiveness to H. Cistanche phenoxyethanol glycoside compound cimicifugaoside has androgen-like effects, which can significantly increase the weight of sperm prostate in rats and mice, and reduce the weight of adrenal glands.
The interaction of free radicals and excitatory amino acids in the hippocampus of old rats leads to the death of hippocampal nerves. A D model can be established by injecting excitatory amino acids into the large basal cell nucleus of human animals. Applying Roucong Rong to dementia-like mice can reduce the content of the increased inhibitory amino acid GABA in the brain tissue, and increase the content of the reduced excitatory amino acid LG u, which can reduce the excitatory amino acid toxicity. Regulate the dynamic balance of excitatory nitrogen-based acid toxicity and inhibitory amino acid toxicity2. (26)
The crude extract of meat from puree reduces voluntary activity and prolongs the sleep time induced by cyclohexene barbital, suggesting that the ethanol extract of meat from puree and the water-soluble part have a sedative effect.
2.2.6 Promote the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid. Gavage the decoction of meat from puree to mice, which can prolong the swimming time and reduce the increase in serum creatine kinase after load exercise, suggesting that meat from puree can increase glycogen reserves, Reduce muscle protein breakdown after exercise. The yang-deficiency model of male Kunming mice caused by the meridian and the 3 H-T d R in vivo incorporation method proved that the Roucong Rong administration group has an adjustment effect on the decrease and increase of the nucleic acid content of the liver and spleen of Yang-deficiency animals. It can improve the DN A synthesis ability of Yang-deficiency animals. (27)
2.3 The clinical application of Cistanche as a single medicine or a compound formula with other Chinese medicines
Physicians of the past dynasties have highly evaluated the medicinal value of Cistanche. Chinese medicine has accumulated rich experience in the treatment of cerebral dysfunction diseases with Cistanche, "Heart of Medicine", "Holy Wisdom Prescription", "Sanji General Record", "Jisheng Prescription", "Materia Medica Supplements", "Medicinal Properties" "On" and "Qian Jin Yao Fang" recorded Cistanche pill, cistanche rice paste pill, Cistanche powder, cistanche porridge, cistanche soup, Jinsuozhengyuan pill, Taiping Huimin and Jiju prescription, Yanshou pill, etc. Naoyizhi Recipe treats such diseases. At present, the best-selling "Yangmeijiu" on the Japanese market is made with meat from paste as the main ingredient and produced by ancient Chinese recipes.
In our country, both related enterprises and scientific research institutions of higher learning are actively researching the development and utilization of Cistanche. For example, the national second-class new drug "cistanche zongxi capsule" jointly developed by the Peking University Modern Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Hangzhou Xinghui Tianli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is undergoing phase n clinical trials; products with Roucong Rong as the main ingredient in Xinjiang are "Hongyun Oral Liquid", "Siyun Oral Liquid", etc.; the traditional Chinese medicine honey pill "Congrong Sibei Pill" developed by Wei Qing and others, and the granules made from Cistanche cistanche extract by Xue Dejun and others can significantly improve the aging characteristics of the human body. , Restoring the energy and physical strength of middle-aged and elderly people with kidney deficiency has a good anti-aging effect. In addition, compound prescriptions such as Huan Shao Dan, Guipi Decoction, Jinbian Shenqi Pills, Congyu Decoction (including Dangshen, Huang Miao, Roucong Rong, etc.) in the treatment of senile dementia have good curative effects.
According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, various extracts of Cistanche have been screened for their anti-Alzheimer's activity, looking for new drugs against Alzheimer’s. The research on the active ingredients of the single medicine of Cistanche and the development of new drugs has also made significant progress. It has been reported in the literature that the total phenethoxylate of the same plant Cistanche tubulosa from the desert fleshy plant has a significant protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease (especially vascular dementia), and has been developed as a second-class new drug and entered phase m clinical trials. Experimental stage. (30)
Cistanche can improve learning and memory
3 Prospects and prospects
Since the 1980s, Chinese medicine theory has been used to guide the study of traditional Chinese medicine Cistanche single medicine and its compound prescriptions, and the active and effective parts and effective monomers have been continuously extracted, revealing the chemical nature and mechanism of action of Roucong Rong to nourish and strengthen and delay aging. However, at the current stage, most research methods are limited to experimental research, and there is a lack of evaluation of the effects of "symptoms" on the complex system of the human body. From the perspectives of traditional Chinese medicine genomics and traditional Chinese medicine chemomics, the pharmacological activity, metabolism, and mechanism of Cistanche are explained, related to its influence on the "syndrome"-related gene expression regulation of the aging state, and modern genomics is used to explain Cistanche at the molecular level. Cistanche has the traditional effects of nourishing and strengthening and delaying aging, which should be the direction of active exploration in the future.
So far, the clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease is still dominated by drugs. Because the existing drugs have pharmacological effects and low specificity, have many toxic and side effects, are difficult to absorb and penetrate the blood-brain barrier, etc., clinical use of drugs is restricted. The Chinese medical community in China has some valuable experience in the clinical treatment of senile dementia and has also carried out some explorations in experimental research and has shown a good prospect. Therefore, in the absence of a truly effective chemical synthesis drug, Chinese medicine is undoubtedly an option worth considering.
[Profile of the author l Wang Yan, female, master's degree student, mainly engaged in the research of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology Tel: (010) 6289735
From: Pharmacological Application and Monitoring in China, Issue 2 of 2004
Chinese Library Classification Number: 2R 8 5.5 Document Identification Code: A Article Number: 1672-8157 (2004) 02-0008-04
