Ancient Literature Textual Ｒesearch On Medicinal And Edible History Of Cistanches Herba

Contact: Audrey Hu Whatsapp/hp: 0086 13880143964 Email: audrey.hu@wecistanche.com

PENG Fang， XU Ｒong， XU Chang-qing， QI Yun， SHI Yue， YE Zu-Guang， CHEN Jun

ABSTＲACT: Cistanches Herba，which mainly grows in the arid or semi-arid areas in northwest China，is one of the precious tonic Chinese material medical. It has been traditionally used as a nutritious food in China for thousands of years. Ancient literature with regard to

the variety origin，producing areas，property and flavor，traditional effect and toxicity，usage and dosage，and edibility of Cistanches Herba are summarized in this review. The origin plants are Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma and Cistanche salsa ( C. A. Mey. ) G. Beck. The producing areas and present effect of Cistanches Herbaare the same as those in the ancient literature. It is often made into oral pills for various adult consumptive diseases. It is contraindicated in cases of essence deficiency with yang going upward adversely and diarrhea. The diet therapy history of Cistanches Herba in China can be traced back to the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420- 589) . Cistanches Herba braised with mutton or sheep kidneys is a time-honored dish in China to alleviate fatigue. This work is committed to providing literature evidence for further research on the raw materials of Cistanches Herba as health foods.

KEYWOＲDS: Cistanches Herba; Chinese material medical; health food; dietary therapy

Cistanche is a commonly used Chinese medicinal material in my country. It was first published in the "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and listed as the top grade. It has the effects of nourishing kidney yang, nourishing essence and blood, and moistening the intestines and laxatives. The 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the medicinal material of Cistanche deserticola (Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma) or Cistanche tu-bulosa (Schenk) Wight is the dry scaly fleshy stem of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma [1]. Although Cistanche is not included in the list of items that are both food and medicine [2] and the list of health food items [3], there are large-scale planting bases that can be used for the development of healthy food. Currently, there are 46 kinds and 2 kinds of domestic and imported health foods containing Cistanche as raw materials approved by the State Food and Drug Administration (Table 1), and their health functions are mainly to enhance immunity, fight fatigue and delay aging. The author consults the ancient

The combination of herbal medicine, medical books, local chronicles and similar books, combined with modern data analysis found that Cistanche has been a precious medicinal and edible species since ancient times. To this end, the author systematically sorted out and discussed in detail the ancient literature of Cistanche from the textual research of the original plant and the place of production, the nature, taste, toxicity, and functional indications, usage and dosage and taboos, dietary history, etc., to provide it for its development as a health food raw material. Documentary basis.

cistanche

1 Textual research on the original plant and its place of production

There are about 22 species of Cistanche in the world, distributed in the warm sandy deserts, deserts and other dry areas of the northern hemisphere [4]. At present, domestic scholars generally believe that there are 4 species of Cistanche in my country, namely C. deserticola (mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Qinghai), and C. salsa (mainly produced in Inner Mongolia). , Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Qinghai), C. tubulosa (mainly produced in Xinjiang), and C. Sinensis (mainly produced in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu) [5]. The "Chinese Medicinal Material Standard List" [6] records in detail the status of the Cistanche genus being included in the domestic medicinal standards: Desert Cistanche has been included in the historical "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" since 1977, and it has also been included in 2 local standards. (Inner Mongolia Mongolian Medicinal Materials Standards · 1986 Edition and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Drug Standards · Second Volume · 1980 Edition); Cistanche is a species included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 1963, and it has also been adopted by many local standards (Inner Mongolia Chinese Medicinal Materials Standards). Standards 1988 Edition, Ningxia Traditional Chinese Medicine Standards, 1993 Edition, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Drug Standards, 1987 Edition, Silybum marianum and other 22 kinds of Gansu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards (Trial) Gan Wei Yao Zi (92) No. 417, Gansu Province Chinese Medicinal Materials Standards · 2009 Edition; Cistanche has been listed in the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" since 2005 and used as Cistanche medicinal materials together with desert Cistanche, and also included in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Drug Standards · 1987 Edition ). Brassica cistanche is not included in any standard. It is scarce in number, small in the plant, and low in yield. It is only used as a folk medicine in Ningxia and Gansu.

The name "cistanche" was first seen in the Eastern Han Dynasty "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" [7], saying: "cistanche …sheng valley." Later, "famous doctors" [8] said: "cistanche… Shenghe West and Dai County Yanmen. Picked on May 5 and dried in the shade. "Wu Pu's Materia Medica" [9] said: "Cistanche, a fleshy pine puree...It grows three or four inches long and grows in the shade of the mountains in the west of the river." Or on behalf of the county Yanmen. Picked from February to August. "It can be seen that none of the early Materia Medica mentions the morphological characteristics of Cistanche, and it is impossible to infer what kind of plant its origin was from a simple description of the origin and harvest period. Hexi is the Hexi Corridor and Huangshui Basin, specifically Gansu, Shaanxi and western Inner Mongolia; Daijun Yanmen is the majority of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, a part of Hebei, and northern Shaanxi. The distribution of wild Cistanche at that time and the distribution of Cistanche in the desert and the distribution of Cistanche salina are basically the same [5,10]. Among the two, the salinity The individual of Cistanche is small and fits the morphological description of "three or four inches long." Cistanche is produced in sparsely populated arid or semi-arid areas. At the same time, it grows underground most of the year and is unearthed only during the reproductive growth period, so the author of Materia Medica It is difficult to see its growth in the wild. Ancient people often found this plant during the flowering period of wild Cistanche (April to June in the Gregorian calendar), and dug up its fleshy stems as medicine. The lunar month of "Lu" was extended to February to August of the lunar calendar of "Wu Pu's Materia Medica", which basically coincided with the current flowering period of Cistanche.

In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing’s Compendium of Materia Medica [11] first revealed the characteristic morphology of the Cistanche genus, saying: "Daijun and Yanmen belong to the combined state, and they are found in Dorma. It is said that the wild horses were born when they were born. Meat... There are at most Rui Rui in Henan. Today, the first one comes from Longxi, the shape is flat and wide, soft, with many flowers and sweet taste. The second one comes from the North, the shape is short and there are few flowers. Although it is absurd to say that the semen falls on the ground during mating, it shows that this plant is different from most plants in its rootless and parasitic growth characteristics. "Rui Rui" is one of the ethnic groups in the north of my country in ancient times. "Henan" refers to the vicinity of Inner Mongolia today. This species grows in the desert zone of Doma in the northwest, with the largest number in Inner Mongolia. The plant is new

The meat is juicy when fresh. Based on the above description, it can be basically judged that the Cistanche mentioned by Tao Hongjing should refer to the Cistanche genus plant. The seeds of Cistanche are extremely small (1 g, about 10,000), which cannot be seen clearly by the naked eye. The wild horses resting around the host of the Cistanche plant or stomping on them during mating may cause the seeds of Cistanche scattered on the ground to be buried in the ground and come into contact with them. The host root then began to sprout and grow, so there is the saying that "there is everywhere", and the ancients mistakenly believed that Cistanche was "born by wild horses." In terms of the description of the place of origin, Tao Hongjing has inherited from his predecessors "Daijun, Yanmen belongs to Bingzhou"

In addition, it is also pointed out that the quality of Cistanche from different origins is higher and lower, that is, the good quality Cistanche is produced in Longxi (south Lintao County, Gansu), with thick stems, prolonged morphology, and many inflorescences; while the lesser ones are produced in the North. Shaanxi and Shanxi), with small body size and few inflorescences. According to our field survey and the description of Flora of China [4], the above-mentioned characteristics are consistent with desert Cistanche and Saline Cistanche respectively. In summary, Tao Hongjing’s Cistanche should be the desert Cistanche and the salted Cistanche, and the former is of better quality. Later in the Tang Dynasty "Xinxiu Materia Medica" [12] pointed out that Tao Hongjing's note (also in Badong and Jianpingjian, not as good as it) referred to Cistanche, and said that at that time (early Tang Dynasty) cistanche was also scraped off Hua Dai "meat". And think that the "meat" Cistanche in this sutra is more effective (in Cistanche). "Rihuazi Materia Medica" [13] questioned the claim that "wild horses were born by the ground", saying: "The interviewer Fang Zhibo fell under the tree and climbed into the moat. This is not the place where horses crossed. Tao misunderstood. "The author of the book has consulted people who have seen the growth of Cistanche in the wild, and learned that Cistanche grows under a tree called "Boluo", which is often found in valleys and gully. Han Baosheng's "Shu Materia Medica" [13] transferred the description of the origin and morphology of Cistanche in the "Shu Bentujing", saying: "...out of Shazhong, Fulu County, Suzhou, digging the roots in March and April... The skin is like a pine nut Scales and roots are more than a foot long." Its place of production is "Shazhong, Fulu County, Suzhou", which is now Jiuquan, Gansu. The epidermis of the stem is densely covered with a layer of scales, that is, the triangular oval or lanceolate leaves of Cistanche, which are more than one foot long, indicating that the individual is larger. Based on comprehensive analysis, the Cistanche mentioned in the Materia Medica during this period may be a desert Cistanche, and its host Haloxylon ammodena Bunge is a small perennial tree or shrub, and it is probably the "blooming tree" mentioned in the Materia Medica.

Su Song's "Book of Sketches" in the Song Dynasty [14] gave a more detailed description of Cistanche, saying: "Cistanche was born in the Hexi Valley and Yanmen County, Shaanxi Province today, but it is not as good as those from the Xiqiang realm. The flesh is thick and tight. The old saying is that wild horses were born on the ground. Nowadays, people in the west are born in large woods and in the trenches. Those who are not the place of swimming but have their own ears. Or doubt it. It was born in Ma Li, and later it reproduces, like the roots born in human blood. The skin is like a pine nut, with scales. There is a thin flat root under the seedling, and it is more than a long foot...May be too old, so It will be picked in three more months.” Xiqiang is now the western part of Gansu and northeastern Qinghai. Combining its morphological description and corresponding drawing (Figure 1A), it can be inferred that the Cistanche deserticola referred to by Su Song should be the desert cistanche. Su Song also questioned the old saying that wild horses were born on the ground. Cistanche is more common in "big trees and in the soil" rather than wild horses mating, so it is believed that the seeds are reproduced, but it may be that the original source of seeds is also the semen of wild horses. . It is not easy for the author of Materia Medica to infer such knowledge without seeing the habitat of Cistanche in person at the time when knowledge of botany was relatively scarce. At the same time, Su Song proposed that "May I may be too old, so I will pick it up in March." It can be seen that the Song Dynasty has realized that the flesh of the Cistanche harvested when the stems were drawn and bloomed, the flesh quality was slightly reduced and dry, and the skill was greatly reduced. It should be harvested in March when the fleshy stems were just unearthed. This is consistent with the modern research results of Cistanche [15-16 ]. Since then, Song Materia Medica still has a rough description of the characteristics of Cistanche, but has not studied in depth, only quoted or summarized previous works, such as Tang Shenwei’s "Revision of Politics, Economics, History and Syndrome Alternative Materia Medica" (abbreviated as "Zheng Lei Materia Medica") [17] The combined version of "Jiayou Materia Medica" and "Ben Sketch Book". The description and drawings of Cistanche in the book come from "Ben Sketch Book". Ming Dynasty Liu Wentai's "The Essentials of Materia Medica" [18] said: "[名] Meat pine puree... ［时] Birth: Spring birth. Picking: Take root on March and May 5th... [Quality] Shaped like a pine cone Long and soft." Liu Wentai described the shape of Cistanche as a pine cone, and the image was appropriate. Chen Jiamo’s "Materia Medica Mengyun" [19] says: "Cistanche is found in Shaanxi prefectures, and was born in Ma Li. It was harvested for the Dragon Boat Festival. It can be seen that Chen Jiamo also directly extracted the literature of the previous dynasty without further research, so "Ma Li" The “succulent stems” drawn in the attached book (Figure 1B) are similar to those of today’s Cistanche genus. The Qing Dynasty Materia Medica [20] says: “It grows like an arm and weighs as much as a catty. ", tells the characteristics of the individual size of the desert Cistanche. The Huanggong embroidered "Seeking Truth in Materia Medica" [21] to draw a picture of the old tender Cistanche (Figure 1C). The plant is densely covered with scales, which is obviously a plant of the genus Cistanche. However, "A Textual Research on the Names of Plants" [22] Wu Qijun, the author, apparently had not seen Cistanche with his own eyes, and the map of Cistanche (Figure 1D) he drew was obviously not a plant of the genus Cistanche. Later, the simple introduction to Materia Medica by Zhang Bingcheng, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, "Reading" [23] has a more detailed description of Cistanche deserticola, and also questioned the "wild horses born on the ground", saying: "Its shape is soft as flesh, and its shape has scales like pine branches. It is also unknown whether a cloud of horses was born from the ground. "The picture in the book (Figure 1E) not only includes a depiction of fleshy stems and flowers, it is undoubtedly a plant of the genus Cistanche.

It should be noted that the description of the origin of Cistanche in the past generations of Materia Medica is basically the same, as Shanxi, Shaanxi, western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu and northeastern Qinghai. Among them, many Materia Medica mentions Gansu as a high-quality producing area of Cistanche, but only the Compendium of Materia Medica pointed out that the production of Cistanche in Inner Mongolia is large. After consulting the local chronicles of Inner Mongolia, it was found that only the second volume of "Jining County Chronicles" during the Republic of China [24] mentioned Cistanche, which does not coincide with Inner Mongolia where the main producing area of Cistanche is now. It is also rare, and the produced Cistanche has not been excavated in large quantities. However, trade exchanges in Shanxi, Shaanxi and other regions are relatively frequent. Due to over-excavation and environmental changes, both Shanxi and Shaanxi basically do not produce Cistanche, while the production of Cistanche in Gansu has also fallen sharply. This change of origin was described in Li Peihu's "Baoding Fuzhi" Volume 27 [25] during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, saying: "According to the county, there were iron officials in the Han Dynasty, and the silk was born in the Song Dynasty. Toad crisp, and cistanche in the next day, only the two species of yellow sprouts spring and old are the most prosperous, and there is no special product, so it is recorded." In addition, due to the shortage of cistanche, cistanche and cynomorium are used as medicine instead of cistanche. The situation is not uncommon in the past dynasties of Materia Medica. For example, Zhu Zhenhengyun quoted in "Compendium of Materia Medica" [26]: "It is rare to cover cistanche, and most people use the golden lotus root to make it in a salt basin. Appropriate review."

Based on comprehensive analysis, the original plants of Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche salina have been recorded in the history of Materia Medica, and the quality of the former is considered to be better [27-28]. Modern studies have also confirmed that among the plants of Cistanche genus 4, the two kinds of Cistanche have the smallest difference in appearance, microscopic identification and chemical composition [29-30]. However, Cistanche stubbs is only naturally distributed in southern Xinjiang [31]. After consulting relevant Xinjiang local chronicles, no record of Cistanche Stubbs was found. No matter the plant morphology or powder microscopic characteristics, Cistanche can be easily distinguished from the desert cistanche and the salina cistanche [4-5], and no "cistanche" has been used as a medicine in the past dynasties of herbal medicine. Because of the scarcity of resources, C. Sinensis, the plant is slender, and the composition content is quite different from the other three species of Cistanche [32], and it is only circulating in some areas.

Echinacoside

2 Indications of nature, taste, toxicity, and function

The "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" describes the top-grade medicine as: "The top-grade medicine...the main nourishment is to respond to the sky, non-toxic, take more, long-term use will not hurt people..." Cistanche is listed as the top-grade medicine, sweet and mild. "Famous Doctors" pointed out that Cistanche "tastes sour, salty, and non-toxic". After that, the records of the nature and taste of Cistanche in the past generations of Materia Medica are basically the same. It is slightly warm in nature, sweet, sour, and salty, and belongs to the kidney and large intestine meridian. "Re-revision of Politics, Economics, History and Syndrome Class Reserve Materia Medica", "Decoction Materia Medica", "Materia Medica Mengqiu", and "Compendium of Materia Medica" all clearly stated that Cistanche is "non-toxic".

Before the Sui and Tang dynasties, Cistanche was mainly used for some medical wasting diseases, such as five labors and seven injuries, lack of childbearing, and other diseases. According to "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" [7], "the main five labors and seven injuries, nourish the middle, remove the cold and heat pain in the stem, nourish the five internal organs, strengthen the yin, nourish vital energy, multiple children, women's disease, long-term service light body" And the "Removal of bladder evil, low back pain, and dysentery" put forward in "Famous Doctors" [8] has been inherited and developed by future generations of physicians. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Cistanche was widely used in the treatment of various clinical diseases. For example, in Sun Simiao's "A Thousand Jin Yaofang" [33], Cistanche was mostly used to treat the kidney and bladder. In addition, other zang-fu prescriptions (liver, gallbladder, heart, Cistanche can also be found in the small intestine, spleen, lung, and large intestine), as well as the woman's prescription, the wind toxin beriberi prescription, the various wind treatment prescriptions, the Shanghan prescription, the Xiaoke prescription, the Dingzhong prescription, the hemorrhoid leakage prescription, and the emergency prescription. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Materia Medica basically quoted or summarized previous works, and there was no new development. Li Shizhen’s "Compendium of Materia Medica" [26] summarizes the research on Cistanche in the previous works of Materia Medica and puts forward: "This thing is complementary but not stern, and is inherently calm. It has a calm and gentle appearance." "Materia Medica Preparations" [20] pointed out that Cistanche The key to medicine is to "tonify the kidneys and liver, and smooth the intestines." "Medicines and Chemistry" [34] emphasized that Cistanche "is the yin in the yang...it is the product of strengthening the kidney, strengthening the yang and strengthening the essence". In the Qing Dynasty Huang Yuanyu spoke highly of the functions and indications of Cistanche in "Yu Jie Yao Jie" [35], saying: "Nourishes the wood and refreshes the breeze, nourishes the blood and moisturizes dryness, smoothes the large intestine, and feces, its sex is calm and unrestrained. Not to nourish the dampness and destroy the spleen, it is not comparable to other moisturizing medicines. The prescription says that it replenishes the essence and nourishes the marrow, is happy and prolongs life, regulates men’s yang and does not thrive, and women’s yin and does not produce. It is not a beautiful word. The efficacy of Cistanche mainly comes from "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and "Famous Physician". Since then, physicians of the past dynasties have developed in clinical applications. In summary, they are mainly used to treat insufficient kidney yang, deficiency of essence and blood, impotence, infertility, waist and knees. Soreness, weak muscles, and bones, dry intestines, and constipation.

3 Usage, Dosage, and Contraindications

According to statistics, Cistanche is the most frequently used drug in prescriptions for invigorating the kidney and strengthening yang, and strengthening the strength of the past dynasties. Among the anti-aging and prolonging prescriptions, the frequency of occurrence ranks second, second only to ginseng. The reputation of "desert ginseng" [36]. The physician Zhang Jingyue advocated warming and tonic, and his academic thought integration "Jingyue Quanshu" [37] contains a total of 44 prescriptions containing Cistanche. Except for the maintenance of vitality ointment, which is externally used, the others are taken internally. Some of them are kidney-tonifying and yang-invigorating pills, which need to be hollowed out with warm wine or salt soup. They are suitable for the treatment of various types of futility and strain in adult men and women. Cistanche is often contained in other tonic recipes, such as Achyranthes bidentata pill, Jingang pill, Shisiwei Dajianzhong soup, Ziyin Dabu pill, velvet pill, Quanlu pill, etc. The achyranthes bidentata and Cistanche Achyranthes pill can treat liver and kidney deficiency, bone atrophy, failure to rise, weak muscles and cannot be held, and the effect of replenishing essence and soothing is excellent. Song Dynasty "Materia Medica Yanyi" [38] also mentioned: "Niu Knee is most suitable for use with Cistanche soaked in wine to invigorate the kidney." Another effect of Cistanche is to moisturize the intestines, and the "Jing Yue Quanshu" describes it as: "Cistanche... Use it, three or four dollars will have magical effects in one dose." Three or Four

Money is now 11 to 15 g. Cistanche Pills, Yixue Runchang Pills, and Jichuan Decoction are suitable for the elderly and those who suffer from schizophrenia. "Medical Enlightenment" in Qing Dynasty [39]

Yun: "Stools are not clear...the old and weak people have insufficient sperm and blood, and the blood of the new parturient is so dry that the intestines and stomachs are not moisturizing. … "It can be seen that other diseases accompanied by weak stools can be added to Cistanche. In the description of its dosage, the Song Dynasty "Ben Cao Yan Yi" [38] pointed out that Cistanche was "used as a medicine, but less effective". The Ming Dynasty "Compendium of Materia Medica" cited "Health General Micro" [26] also mentioned "cumulative effect", because it had no effect. Toxic, and often eaten, there is no special restriction on its dosage.

The Ming Dynasty Materia Medica [19] said: "Although it can replenish the essence and blood, use reactionary stool suddenly... if it is loose, do not take it." The Qing Dynasty "Materia Medica Preparation Yao" [20] said: "Use it suddenly For fear of disturbing the heart, slippery stools." Then Wu Luoyi's "Materia Medica Renewing" [40] added that Cistanche is the same taboo as Cynomorium, that is, "diarrhea and yang are easy to move but the essence is not solid, avoid it." "Ben Cao Bian Du" of the Qing Dynasty [23] said: "It can nourish the kidney and invigorate the yang, but it does not have the power to strengthen the intestines, but it has the ability to smooth the intestines." Because one of the effects of Cistanche is to moisturize the intestines and relax the bowels, it is a prescription for diarrhea patients. Cistanche should be avoided to avoid aggravating the condition. People who are prosperous, yang strong and easy to thrive, but not solid semen should also avoid using Cistanche, to prevent it from causing stronger kidney yang and a serious imbalance of yin and yang. Modern clinical studies have reported that most of the mild adverse reactions caused by taking Cistanche are mild diarrhea, some of which can be relieved by changing the way of taking [41-42], and some are tolerable or not treated by patients [43].

The theory that Cistanche "has a nuisance to the heart" was put forward by Wang Haogu in "Decoction of Materia Medica" [44], saying: "Whoever takes cistanche to treat the kidneys will hinder the heart". This argument has been inherited by some physicians in later generations. The "hazard" in "Shuowen Jiezi" [45] is interpreted as "hazard, hazard", Duan Yucai's note: "The one who hurts, the hurt." "Guangyun" [46]: "Hail, Hinder". It is commonly known as Xiangke. Therefore, there is no doubt that "noisy" is a kind of bad effect on the heart. Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty "De Pei Materia Medica" [47], "Heart deficiency and bloating, are all forbidden (Cistanche)". But the origin of Wang Haogu's "noisy mind" is nowhere to be found. According to the analysis of the existing ancient documents, the "noxious mind" may be related to the discussion of Cistanche to remove the fascia in "Lei Gong Pao Zhu Lun" [48]: Floating nails, cleaving the center, removing the white film and one layer, like bamboo silk and grass. With this, the breath is not dispersed in front of the human heart, and it is also uplifting." The lignification part) can make people's heart cannot radiate, and make people cough and breathe, which may be "noisy" in Materia Medica. Subsequent examples such as "Benevolent Skills Handbook" [49] "If you don't go, you will not lose your heart, and righteousness will not be released"; "Eu Jun respects the saying of "Lei Gong". The fascia-removing shelling also continued into the Qing Dynasty (modern Cistanche shelling has no such requirement). Except for the possible disturbance of the heart caused by the "white membrane", some physicians in the Qing Dynasty believed that the "disruptive heart" of Cistanche had nothing to do with its fascia. For example, the "Experiment of Yu Xuan Ancient Recipe" [51] says: "Churschia cistanche treats the kidneys, and it will interfere with the heart. If you use achyranthes, magnets, etc. to control it, you will not enter the heart." Anyone taking cistanche to treat the kidney will hinder the heart") is more consistent. That is because it treats the kidney, the kidney and the heart are connected. However, there is no relevant report on clinical application due to the theory of "disrupting the heart", and there is no clue of pharmacology and toxicology research support. Therefore, it is almost no longer mentioned in modern textbooks or monographs of "Chinese Materia Medica". In fact, Chen Shiduo, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, put forward his doubts and opinions on Wang Haogu’s theory in his "New Edition of Materia Medica" [52]: "Or ask Wang Hao Gu Yun,' Taking Cistanche to treat the kidneys will be harmful to the heart.' , He Zi didn't know it? Said:

This good old does not know Cistanche, but it is also a precept. Any medicine that nourishes the kidney must be applied to the heart, and the heart will gain the essence of the kidney, and then there will be no scorching. "It should be said that this understanding of Chen's is currently the consensus of most Chinese medical practitioners.

Cistanche

4 Dietary records

Cistanche has high nutritional value and has no toxic side effects. It has been widely eaten by people since ancient times. Check the local chronicles, Cistanche is in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia。

The most frequent occurrence in the log. Shu Qishen's "Xi'an Fuzhi" Volume 17[53] during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and Shen Qingya's "Shaanxi General History" Volume 43[54] during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty both record: People mostly use it as food." During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Yu Liansan's "Daizhou History" Volume III [55] said: "Cistanche is like meat when it is born, and it is very good for making lambs replenish deficiencies."

Song Dynasty Chen Zhi's "Book of Pensions for Parents" focuses on the health preservation of the elderly, and is a monograph on food treatment and health preservation. There are 5 dietary prescriptions containing Cistanche in the book [56]: ① Treat the elderly with food for the elderly, drink the cow with syrup, and take the milk; ② Treat the elderly with five fatigues and seven injuries, weak and cold scorching, urinary spermatorrhea, suitable for food Warm waist and aphrodisiac road cake recipe; ③food cures the old people's five labors and seven injuries, benefits the yuan, and strengthens the sea. After serving for more than a month, the muscles are full. Old, mature, and young people should take hen-chicken porridge prescription; ④food treats the elderly with five labors and seven injuries, weak yang, weak waist and feet, and sheep kidney cistanche recipe; ⑤food treats the elderly with five labors and seven injuries, yang Weak, strengthen energy, deer kidney porridge prescription. Later, the "Complete Collection of Essential Things for Home Use in the Yuan Dynasty" [57] also included "Warm the waist and aphrodisiac medicine cake recipe", "Jiji porridge recipe" and "Sheep kidney cistanche recipe". Both Yuan Dynasty "Drinking and Dining Zheng Yao" [58] and Ming Dynasty "Duo Neng Shou Shi" [59] both contained the "Sheep Kidney Cistanche Recipe" for treating the weakness of Yang Dao degeneration and waist and knee weakness, "Drinking and Dining Zheng Yao" Call it "White Sheep Kidney Soup" and describe it in detail as follows: "White Sheep Kidney, cut into slices, 1 or 2 cistanche marinated in wine, 4 or 2 slices of mutton fat, 2 pieces of pepper, and 1 piece of dried tangerine peel. White, long set aside two money, two money for grass and fruit, the right part is combined with white onion, salt, and sauce to make soup, and the noodle pieces are used as usual for soup." In addition, the lamb spine included in "Drinking Zheng Yao" Cistanche is also contained in the soup and the Shen pillow prescription for external use. "Elbow Reserve Emergency Recipe" [60] is the first clinical emergency manual in my country. Most of the prescriptions included are simple and effective, suitable for the treatment of various acute diseases or acute attacks of chronic diseases. ". Huang Yunhu's "Porridge Book" [61] in the Qing Dynasty is the earliest monograph on medicinal porridge in my country. It says: "Cistanche porridge is boiled for the treatment of fatigue and black people and mutton is cooked for hollow food." Now in Northwest China, sheep Cistanche soup is still a delicious dish, which has the good effect of increasing strength and relieving fatigue. A variety of edible methods of Cistanche are recorded in ancient herbal medicines. "Materia Medica Annotation" [11] said: "It is like meat when it is born, and it is used as a mutton soup, which is excellent for replenishing deficiency and can also be raw." Boil to make it rotten, thinly cut and grind. The refined mutton is divided into four degrees, five flavors, and the porridge is cooked with rice. It is served hollow." "The Essentials of Materia Medica" [18] Cloud: "Combine yam and mutton as soup to benefit people. "Su Song also described this soup in the "Book of Sketches" [14] and praised it as "extremely beautiful and beneficial to others, the food wins the tonic". Both "Materia Medica Mengqiu" [19] and "Materia Medica Congxin" [40] both refer to Cistanche as "boiled porridge". The choice of ingredients and processing methods are also particular, "Materia Medica Yanyi" [38] puts forward: "Wash with wine and remove the black juice for soup. After the black juice is gone, the smell will be exhausted. Only the tender ones can make the soup, the old man Bitter." Ancient Cistanche was mostly made with salt. Washing with wine can remove the salt. At the same time, the older Cistanche has a bitter taste and is not suitable for soup. Nowadays, in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and other places, local people often use Cistanche and mutton stew to relieve fatigue [63].

5 Summary and Outlook

Cistanche is a desert endangered medicinal material unique to the arid regions of northwest my country, and it has important economic and ecological value in the northwest region. From 1977 to 2005, the desert Cistanche has been the only authentic source of the Chinese medicinal material Cistanche in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The huge demand in domestic and foreign markets has caused wild Cistanche on the verge of withering away

In 2001, the wild desert Cistanche deserticola was listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora [64], and mining, sales and international trade are prohibited. The state encourages the artificial cultivation of Cistanche to meet market demand, and there are currently more than 30 million mu of planting and wild conservation scale. In 1988, the first successful introduction and cultivation experiment of Cistanche deserticola in the Alxa League of Inner Mongolia [65], the planting area has now exceeded 1.2 million mu. After more than ten years of exploration, a number of Cistanche planting bases in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai have been established in the arid areas of Northwest my country suitable for planting Cistanche. Studies have reported [66] that there is no significant difference in the content of main phenethyl alcohol glycosides between the cultivated products of Cistanche deserticola and the wild products, and the individual difference of the cultivated products is significantly smaller than that of the wild products. Therefore, the stable source of Cultivated Desert Cistanche raw materials has laid a good material foundation for the development of related health products and foods.

The traditional Chinese medicine Cistanche is often used clinically to treat deficiency of kidney yang, dry intestines, constipation and senile dementia. No obvious adverse reactions have been found in the existing research reports, and the safety is good. Researchers evaluated the acute, sub-chronic and genetic toxicity of Cistanche powder [67], Cistanche tea [68] and Cistanche granules [69], and believed that Cistanche is actually non-toxic and safe and reliable for clinical application. At the same time, the alcohol extract of artificially planted desert Cistanche has no acute toxicity and has the effect of relieving exercise fatigue [70]. Health food with Cistanche extract as the main component can significantly improve the quality of life of the elderly, achieve the effects of relieving fatigue, improving immunity and improving cardiovascular function [71]. Although Cistanche has been taken lightly for a long time, people with weak stomachs and violent symptoms should use it with caution to avoid aggravating the condition. The dietary history of Cistanche can be traced back to the Annotation of Materia Medica in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Nowadays, mutton cistanche soup is still a famous nourishing medicinal diet in the northwestern region. Tea and wine made from Cistanche are popular in the health care product market in China, Japan and Southeast Asia. Cistanche has a long history of application in my country, is safe and non-toxic, and has broad prospects in the development of health products such as strengthening physical strength, anti-fatigue, and delaying aging.

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